Journal Pharmasci (Journal of Pharmacy and Science)
Journal Pharmasci (Journal of Pharmacy and Science; p-ISSN: 2527-6328, e-ISSN: 2549-3558) is a scientific, peer-reviewed and open-access journal managed and published by Akademi Farmasi Surabaya in January and July annually. Pharmasci publishes full-length original articles and reviews. The scope of the journal is pharmaceutical (clinical and community pharmacy, management of pharmacy, dosage forms formulations and pharmaceutical technology, pharmacognosy, chemical pharmacy, and biology pharmacy) and basic science (biology, microbiology, chemistry, and physics), including its application. Therefore, this journal is intended to serve scientists, pharmacists, and other medical practitioners or researchers at all levels throughout the world. Journal Pharmasci has registered as a CrossRef member. Thus, all published articles will have a unique Digital Object Identifier (DOI) number to guarantee authors regarding long-term archiving. With the DOI, all articles in Journal Pharmasci will not be affected by changes to the URL currently used. Besides, this journal is also archived in LOCKSS and PKP PN systems to maintain long-term preservation.
The Effect of Stearic Acid Variation on the Physicochemical Profile of Coenzyme Q10 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) possesses potent antioxidant activity; however, its therapeutic efficacy is limited by poor solubility, large particle size, and low bioavailability, which lead to poor bodily absorption and high susceptibility to environmental degradation. To address these limitations, Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) are utilized due to their ability to enhance solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Within this system, the concentration of solid lipids, such as stearic acid, plays a pivotal role; its long carbon chain forms an imperfect crystalline matrix that multiplies drug entrapment capacity, prevents drug expulsion during storage, and enhances topical penetration via a skin-occlusive effect. This study aims to investigate the effect of varying stearic acid concentrations on the particle size and physicochemical characteristics of CoQ10-loaded NLCs. The NLCs were prepared using the emulsification and high-shear homogenization method, followed by characterization encompassing organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, particle size, and polydispersity index. The results demonstrated that increasing the stearic acid concentration significantly influenced both the physicochemical profile and particle size. The formula with the optimal stearic acid concentration yielded nanometer-scale particle sizes with a homogenous polydispersity index. In conclusion, variations in stearic acid concentration exert a significant effect on the physical characteristics of CoQ10 NLCs, and an appropriate concentration can produce a stable nano-delivery system for topical application.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tri Doso Sapto Agus Priyono, Lintang Bismantara, Ninik Mas Ulfa, Dian Nurmawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Antibacterial Activity of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Kombucha Soap against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis
Bromhydrosis is commonly associated with bacterial activity on the skin surface, particularly by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Kombucha and lemongrass are known to possess antibacterial activity; however, research regarding the formulation of kombucha-lemongrass liquid soap and the effect of fermentation duration on its antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis remains very limited. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of kombucha-lemongrass liquid soap against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis varying both fermentation duration and concentration. Natural ingredients as antibacterial agents in personal care products has gained increasing attention due to their safety and environmental friendliness. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of liquid soap formulated with lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) kombucha fermented for different durations against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Lemongrass kombucha was fermented for 14 and 21 days, formulated into liquid soap, and tested at concentrations of 50%, 75%, and 100% using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Antibacterial activity was determined by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zones after incubation at 37°C for 24 hours. The results demonstrated that all formulations inhibited the growth of both test bacteria. Increased fermentation time and soap concentration enhanced antibacterial activity. The highest inhibition zones were observed in the 21-day fermentation at 100% concentration, reaching 22.4±1.1 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and 18.5±0.7 mm against Staphylococcus epidermidis. These findings indicate that a longer fermentation period improves the antibacterial properties of lemongrass kombucha soap. Therefore, liquid soap containing lemongrass kombucha has promising potential as a natural antibacterial cleansing product for inhibiting bacteria associated with skin infections and body odor. .
Copyright (c) 2026 Zenia Nirmala Bintang, Kinanti Lestari, Rahma Faradillah, Mercyska Suryandari, Rizky Darmawan, Desy Irawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analysis of the Effectiveness of Oral Antidiabetic Therapy on HbA1c Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Effective glycemic control is crucial for preventing chronic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). HbA1c levels are one of the best indicators that can be used to evaluate the success of pharmacological therapy in the long term. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of oral antidiabetic use in reducing HbA1c levels in T2DM patients. This study used an observational quasi-experimental design with a one-group pre-post test approach conducted on 100 respondents. Statistical analysis used a paired sample t-test with a significance level of 95% (? = 0.05). The data used included demographic profiles and HbA1c levels before and after oral antidiabetic therapy intervention. The results showed that the average HbA1c level before therapy was 6.85 ± 1.54%, while after therapy it became 6.40 ± 1.22%. There was a decrease in the average HbA1c by 0.45%. The results of the Paired Sample t-Test showed a p value = 0.002 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant difference between HbA1c levels before and after therapy. In addition, the proportion of patients with poorly controlled HbA1c decreased from 15% to 5% after therapy. The conclusion of this study is that a significant decrease in HbA1c levels indicates that oral antidiabetic therapy can help achieve glycemic control targets and potentially reduce the risk of long-term diabetes complications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chinthia Devientasari, Selly Septi Fandinata, Dini Berliana, Anggi Restyana, Luluk Aniqoh Meliana Putri, Devita Riafinola Andaririt https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Impact of Polypharmacy on Blood Pressure Achievement in Hypertensive Patients with Complications
Hypertension is a non-communicable disease and a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Polypharmacy, defined as the concurrent use of multiple medications, is commonly observed in hypertensive patients, particularly those with comorbidities. Although polypharmacy may improve therapeutic outcomes, it also increases the risk of drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and poor medication adherence, which may affect blood pressure control. This study aimed to describe the pattern of polypharmacy and evaluate its association with blood pressure target achievement among hypertensive patients. An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted using retrospective data collected from the medical records of 75 eligible hypertensive patients. The association between polypharmacy and blood pressure target achievement was analyzed using Spearman's Rank correlation test with a 95% confidence level. The results showed that the most frequently prescribed antihypertensive regimen was a two-drug combination (25%), while the most commonly used antihypertensive class was the Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARB), particularly candesartan. Most patients experienced mild polypharmacy (<5 medications) (64%), followed by severe polypharmacy (>5 medications) (21.3%), whereas 14.7% did not experience polypharmacy. Only 36% of patients achieved the target blood pressure, while 64% failed to reach the target. Spearman's Rank analysis demonstrated no significant association between polypharmacy and blood pressure target achievement (p = 0.135; r = -0.174). Although no significant relationship was identified, regular evaluation of polypharmacy remains essential to minimize drug interactions and optimize therapeutic outcomes in hypertensive patients.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elly Megasari, Syarofina Diniati, Arifani Siswidiasari, Tsamrotul Ilmi, Henni wati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Comparative Analysis of Free Formaldehyde Determination Methods in Acne Treatment Product Samples
The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the qualitative Schiff reagent method and the semi-quantitative chromotropic acid method for the analysis of formaldehyde in anti-acne products. The characteristics of both methods were evaluated descriptively, encompassing reaction principles, type of testing, operating procedures, observation time, detection limits, and their capability to detect the presence of formaldehyde in the samples. Out of the 20 products tested, the qualitative method detected 15 positive and 5 negative samples. Meanwhile, the semi-quantitative method identified 14 positive and 6 negative samples, with the concentration breakdown consisting of 7 low-risk samples (<2.5 ppm), 5 samples within the 2.5–500 ppm range, and 2 samples within the 500–2,000 ppm range. In terms of characteristics, the qualitative Schiff test is instant and suitable for initial screening. Conversely, the semi-quantitative chromotropic acid test is far more sensitive in mapping estimated formaldehyde levels. Therefore, the implementation of the semi-quantitative chromotropic acid method is highly recommended in this study as a reference instrument to minimize allergic risks for consumers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Della Neny Handayani, Ovie Sriwahyuning Tias, Fanny Sadewa, Rischa Ayu Ameilia, Suwarno, Maulia, Cicik Herlina Yulianti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Overview of Asthma Control Levels in Asthma Patients at the Pulmonary Polyclinic of Kediri District Hospital
Asthma is a chronic inflammation that causes the respiratory tract to become hyperresponsive, causing periodic symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness, and repeated coughing. This study aims to determine the level of asthma control in asthma patients at the Lung Polyclinic of Kediri District Hospital. This type of research is descriptive quantitative with a purposive sampling technique. This study was conducted at the Lung Polyclinic of Kediri District Hospital with a total of 35 respondents. Descriptive data analysis used the percentage of each question in the asthma control test questionnaire. The results of the study with the most gender were female 22 (62.86%), age 35-44 years 14 (40%), high school education 16 (45.71%), housewife occupation 13 (37.14%), and a history of asthma > 10 years 13 (37.14%). The drugs given were a mixture of salbutamol, codeine, theophylline, and methylprednisolone as many as 25 (71.4%); salbutamol, codeine, theophylline, methylprednisolone, and seretide inhalation 5 (14.3%); and salbutamol, codeine, theophylline, methylprednisolone, and berotec inhalation 5 (14.3%). The results of the asthma control test questionnaire, obtained respondents who were well controlled 16 (45.71%), partially controlled 17 (48.57%), and uncontrolled 2 (5.72%). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the level of asthma control in asthma patients at the Lung Polyclinic of Kediri District Hospital is partially controlled.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arifani Siswidiasari, Tri Doso Sapto Agus Priyono, Elly Megasari, Ninik Mas Ulfa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Role of Cosmetic Literacy in Preventing the Risk of Skincare Side Effect Among Pharmacy Students
Increased use of skincare products among university students has raised the risk of adverse effects due to inadequate understanding of cosmetic safety. Low cosmetic literacy may affect individuals’ ability to select and use skincare products safely. This study aimed to analyze the role of cosmetic literacy in preventing the risk of skincare side effects among pharmacy students. This study employed a mixed-methods approach with a cross-sectional and descriptive phenomenological design. A total of 141 undergraduate pharmacy students who used skincare products were selected using accidental sampling. Data were collected through an online questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability, then analyzed descriptively and through intervariable relationship analysis. The results showed that the majority of respondents had moderate levels of knowledge (56.74%), perception (49.65%), and behavior (66.68%). Almost all respondents (99.3%) used skincare products, and 79.4% used them daily. Social media was the primary source of skincare information (45%). The most commonly reported side effects included acne or skin bumps (30.2%), redness (19.4%), itching (14.9%), and burning or stinging sensations (14.9%). This study indicates that cosmetic literacy plays an important role in shaping safe skincare use behavior and may help prevent the risk of side effects among pharmacy students.
Copyright (c) 2026 Diana Kurnia Apriani, Agustiqori Al-Mubarak, Alya Nur Amilia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Literature Review: The Health Belief Model as an Educational Intervention Framework to Improve Tuberculosis Therapy Adherence
Tuberculosis remains a major health problem with a high morbidity burden and the risk of therapy failure if treatment is not completed, partly due to low patient adherence to long-term drug regimens. The Health Belief Model (HBM) is widely used as a theoretical framework to explain and modify health behavior through changes in perceptions of susceptibility, seriousness, benefits, barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy. This article presents a narrative review of five articles applying the HBM in the context of tuberculosis, comprising three cross-sectional studies identifying determinants of adherence, one pre-experimental study testing the effect of HBM-based education, and one conceptual review article, focusing on HBM constructs and outcomes related to medication adherence or motivation. Each article was reviewed to identify study design, respondent characteristics, intervention format or analytical focus, HBM construct indicators, and outcome assessment methods. The results were then synthesized descriptively due to heterogeneity in design and outcomes. The synthesis showed that strengthened threat perception, clarified benefits of therapy, reduced perceived barriers, and strengthened self-efficacy were consistently associated with improved medication adherence or motivation, both in observational and intervention studies. However, the predominance of cross-sectional designs and limitations in outcome measurement require caution in generalizing the findings and inferring causality. Overall, the HBM appears to have potential for integration into TB patient education and support programs in healthcare settings, and further experimental research with a more robust methodological design is needed to confirm its effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Joko Pramono, Nunung Priyatni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Bioactive Compounds and Efficacy of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Coriandrum sativum L. as Antioxidants and Antimicrobials
Coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum L.) have potential as traditional medicine due their potential as a natural source of antioxidants and antimicrobials. This study aimed to identify the bioactive compounds present, as well as to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the ethyl acetate extract of coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum L.). Compound identification was performed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), whilst antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH method, and antimicrobial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans using the disc diffusion method. The GC-MS results showed three dominant compounds with the highest peak areas, namely linalool (75.92%), camphor (3.68%), and geranyl acetate (2.67%). The antioxidant assay yielded an IC?? value of 708 µg/mL with a maximum inhibition percentage of 16.3724% at a concentration of 200 µg/mL, which is classified as very weak. In the antimicrobial test against Staphylococcus aureus, variations in the concentration of the ethyl acetate extract of coriander seeds showed an effect on the diameter of the inhibition zone; the higher the concentration, the larger the resulting inhibition zone tended to be. Statistical analysis also indicated significant differences between certain concentrations, particularly 250 ppm and 1000 ppm. Meanwhile, the antimicrobial test against Candida albicans showed that variations in the concentration of the coriander seed ethyl acetate extract did not result in significant differences in the diameter of the inhibition zones produced.
Copyright (c) 2026 Junairiah Junairiah, Vira Ovilia Putri, Edy Setiti Wida Utami, Febri Dwi Irfansyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Study Formaldehyde Release From Personal Care Products by Chromotropic Acid Method
Personal care products have become an essential part of our daily routines. The presence of water in personal care product formulations can be a breeding ground for microorganisms. Therefore, preservatives are needed to prevent product deterioration. Formaldehyde and formaldehyde-releasing agents are often found as preservatives in personal care products. However, in high doses, formaldehyde has the potential to cause irritation and even cancer. Therefore, the use of formaldehyde in personal care products is limited to no more than 0,2%. The purpose of this study was to identify formaldehyde release from personal care products, both those that list formaldehyde-releasing preservatives and those that do not list formaldehyde-releasing preservatives in their ingredient lists. A semi-quantitative method using chromatotropic acid reagent was used to detect formaldehyde release from the personal care products. Based on the results of 180 products, it was found that 74 (41.1%) products contained formaldehyde with levels <0.2%, still meeting safe limits by BPOM. However, of the 74 products, there were 3 products with formaldehyde content >0.05% and did not list formaldehyde-releasing preservatives in their ingredient lists, making them dangerous for individuals with a history of formaldehyde allergies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cicik Herlina Yulianti, Mila Hanifah, Farida Fuji Astutik, Briliant Dyah Ayu Latjuba, Vika Ayu Devianti, Meyke Herina Syafitri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Mixing Duration on Lip Cream Formulated with Caesalpinia sappan and Hibiscus sabdariffa Extracts
Lip cosmetics, particularly lip creams, are highly sought after for their texture and natural colors. However, many commercial lip creams still use synthetic dyes, which can cause irritation or toxicity. Natural dyes from plants are a safer alternative. This study used extracts of sappanwood (Caesalpinia sappan), which contains brazilin, and roselle flowers (Hibiscus sabdariffa), which contain anthocyanins. This study aims to determine the effect of stirring time on the physical characteristics of lip cream containing a combination of sappan wood extract (Caesalpinia sappan L.) and rosella flower extract (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). This research is an experimental study using three variations of stirring time: 10, 20, and 30 minutes. Evaluations were carried out on organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and hedonic tests. The organoleptic test showed uniformity of color, aroma, and texture. The homogeneity test gave homogeneous results.The research results indicate that a stirring duration of 30 minutes yields a lip cream with a more stable pHand higher spreadability compared to durations of 10 and 20 minutes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eliza Stepanie Romadhona, Eka Otaviani Aisyah, Fitria Abbas Thalib, Silvi Ayu Wulansari, Tri Puji Lestari Sudarwati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Relationship Of The Medication Compliance With The Quality Of Life Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With Gangrene Complications
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) type 2 is a serious and chronic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels. DM causes complications such as gangrene. The success of DM management is influenced by factors, patient compliance in taking medication, which can ultimately reduce morbidity and mortality and improve the patient's quality of life. This study aims to identify the relationship between medication adherence and the quality of life of type 2 DM patients with gangrene complications. Sampling was carried out using purposive sampling and there were 95 type 2 DM patients with gangrene at the Sahabat Sehat Karanggeneng Clinic. Respondents with type 2 diabetes mellitus had high compliance with taking medication, reaching 93% and the lowest compliance with taking medication, reaching 7%. Respondents with type 2 diabetes mellitus had a moderate quality of life, namely 10.52%, good 62.01% and very good, namely 27.47%. This research uses a non-experimental cross-sectional study method. Spearman-rank test was used to analyze the data. The research instrument used the MARS-10 questionnaire for medication adherence and Whoqol-Bref for quality of life. The results of the Spearman-rank p-value test were p=0.001. There is a significant relationship between adherence to taking medication and the quality of life of type 2 DM patients with gangrene complications. Effective management of type 2 DM and prevention of gangrene complications are very important to improve compliance and maintain patient quality of life.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wulan Dwi Jumadi, Primanitha Ria Utami, Irma Susanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic, and Total Flavonoid Content of Javanese Ginseng and Sidaguri Leaves
This study aimed to determine and compare the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content of Javanese ginseng leaves (Talinum paniculatum) and sidaguri leaves (Sida rhombifolia L.). The leaf samples were dried, ground, and extracted with ethanol using the maceration method. Total flavonoid content was determined using the quercetin reagent, while total phenolic content was measured using the Folin– Ciocalteu reagent. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH assay, and IC?? values were calculated. The results showed that the Javanese ginseng leaf extract exhibited higher antioxidant activity than sidaguri leaf extract, with IC?? values of 175 ppm and 500 ppm, respectively. The total flavonoid content of Javanese ginseng leaves was 11.653 mg QE/g, higher than that of sidaguri leaves (8.782 mg QE/g), as was the total phenolic content (6.029 mg GAE/g vs. 1.552 mg GAE/g). These differences in content and activity may be influenced by species variation, growing location, extraction method, solvent type, as well as sample storage and processing conditions. This study confirms that Javanese ginseng leaves have greater potential as a natural antioxidant source and may serve as a basis for the development of antioxidant-based herbal products.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khoirul Ngibad, Cicik Wijayanti, Gaby Ayu Patricia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Physical Quality Stability Test and Antibacterial Activity Test of Face Toner Roll On Formulation of Centella Asiatica (L.) Urb. Leaf Extract Againts Propionibacterus acnes
Acne affects all ages, from teenagers to adults, and is generally caused by bacteria. One of the main causes is Propionibacterium acnes, a gram-positive bacterium that lives in the skin and sebaceous follicles. Therefore, a natural solution for treating acne is gotu kola leaves, which are blended into a liquid roll-on face toner. Its flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids act as antibacterial agents against Propionibacterium acnes. This study used a laboratory experiment. The results showed that the physical stability test of gotu kola leaf extract roll-on face toner (Centella asiatica (L.) urb) in formulation 1 (7.5%), formulation 2 (10%), and formulation 3 (12.5%) successfully withstood the test, maintained stable pH and viscosity, and exhibited no significant changes in color and odor upon storage. The gotu kola leaf extract roll-on face toner demonstrated very strong antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes. Formula F3 (12.5%) had the largest inhibition zone diameter of 46.27 mm. However, based on ANOVA and post hoc tests, there was no significant difference between F2 (10%) and F3 (12.5%) compared to the positive control (sig > 0.05), so both formulas had comparable antibacterial effectiveness to the positive control.), so that both formulas had antibacterial effectiveness comparable to the positive control.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elpi Lutpiani, Luluk Aniqoh Meliana Putri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Formulation And Characteristic Test On Corn Hair Extract Liquid Bath Soap Preparation (Stigma maydis)
Corn hair (Stigma maydis) is corn plant waste that contains secondary metabolite compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins, which have the potential to be active ingredients in cosmetic products, including liquid bath soap. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in the concentration of corn hair extract on the physical characteristics of liquid bath soap, including organoleptic, pH, viscosity, homogeneity, foam height, and hedonic. This study used an experimental method with three liquid soap formulas containing corn hair extract of 1.2% (F1), 1.6% (F2), and 2% (F3) respectively. Physical characteristics were evaluated through organoleptic tests, pH, viscosity, homogeneity, foam height, and hedonic tests involving 30 panelists. The data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test. The results showed that all formulas met the physical characteristics of liquid soap according to the standards. The pH is 9; viscosity is 500–600 cPs; foam height is 60–100 mm; and homogeneity is good without coarse grains. Formula 1 is preferred in terms of hedonics. Statistical tests showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in pH, viscosity, foam height, and hedonic parameters. In conclusion, corn hair extract can be formulated into a liquid bath soap that is stable and well-accepted by users.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mukhowimah, Nadya Ambarwati, IAK Pramushinta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Formulation and Characterisation Testing of Blush Cream with Secang Wood Extract (Caesalpinia sappan L.) as a Natural Colorant
Cream blush on is a cheek cosmetic that provides color while offering additional skin benefits. This study aimed to formulate cream blush on containing secang wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) extract, which contains flavonoids and brazilein as natural antioxidants and colorants, at concentrations of 0%, 2%, 5%, and 8%. The extract was obtained by maceration using 96% ethanol. The formulations were evaluated for organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, smearability, cream type, and hedonic acceptance. All formulations were homogeneous, had pH values within the safe skin range (6.59–7.15), were classified as water-in-oil (W/O) type creams, and met viscosity and spreadability requirements. The extract concentration significantly affected pH (p<0.001), spreadability (p=0.041), and hedonic preferences (color and texture; p<0.05), but had no significant effect on viscosity (p=0.238) or aroma (p=0.961). The 8% extract concentration provided optimal smearability and a deep red color preferred by panelists. In conclusion, secang wood extract can be utilized as a natural colorant in cream blush on formulations, with the 8% concentration producing the best physical characteristics and panelist acceptance.
Copyright (c) 2026 IAK Pramushinta, Asmaul khusna, Selinda Anggia D https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Formulation and Characterisation of Liquid Bath Soap Containing Rosella Flower Extract (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)
The skin is the body's primary protective organ against pathogenic microorganisms, so maintaining skin cleanliness is very important. Liquid soap is becoming an increasingly popular choice because it is practical and hygienic. Product innovation in soap formulation by adding natural ingredients such as rosella flower extract (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), which contains flavonoids, anthocyanins, and saponins,has the potential to provide antioxidant and antibacterial benefits. This study aims to investigate the effect of varying concentrations of rosella flower extract (0%, 1%, 3%, and 5%) on the physical characteristics of liquid soap, including organoleptic testing, pH, viscosity, homogeneity, foam height, and hedonic testing. The extract was obtained using the percolation method with 70% ethanol as the solvent. The results showed that the liquid soap containing rosella flower extract met all evaluation criteria for the formulation. The hedonic test conducted by 30 respondents indicated that the formulation with 1% extract (F1) was the most preferred based on color, aroma, and texture. In conclusion, osella flower extract can be used as liquid soap with physical characteristics that meet the requirements in pH testing (6.36–6.90), viscosity (645.0–771.6 cPs), foam height (30.3–42.5 mm), and homogeneity (homogeneous). Statistical tests showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the test parameters (pH, viscosity, and foam height). Meanwhile, Formulation 1 is the best formulation with the highest scores in color and texture parameters in the hedonic test.
Copyright (c) 2026 silvi agustin, Nadya Ambarwati, Fajar Jamaluddin Sandhori https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analysis of Treatment Compliance Level and the Relationship With Quality Of Life, New York Heart Association (NYHA) Classification, and Rehospitalization In Chronic Heart Failure Patients
Background: Patient non-compliance with heart failure treatment is associated with increased rehospitalization, deteriorating symptoms, decreased quality of life, and death. Therefore, this study aimed to examine compliance with chronic heart failure treatment and the relationship with quality of life, New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, and rehospitalization. Method: A cross-sectional study of chronic heart failure patients was carried out at Airlangga University Hospital (RSUA) from April to June 2023. The inclusion criteria include patients aged >18 years, signed informed consent, able to read, write, and had no difficulty communicating. Meanwhile, the exclusion criteria were chronic heart failure patients with no known history of rehospitalization. Results: The results showed that 41% of heart failure patients were compliant with RAASi, beta-blockers, MRA, and furosemide. Compliance with RAASi had a positive relationship with NYHA classification. However, a negative relationship was found between overall medication compliance and rehospitalization. There was no relationship between RAASi, beta-blockers, MRA, and furosemide compliance with the incidence of rehospitalization. Conclusion: A positive relationship was found between compliance and RAASi medication with NYHA classification, while medication compliance to the incidence of rehospitalization showed a negative relationship. Keywords: Chronic Heart Failure, Compliance, Quality of Life, NYHA Classification, Rehospitalization
Copyright (c) 2026 Wenny Putri Nilamsari, Neni Tri Astuti, Wanudya Atmajani, Budi Suprapti, Hendri Susilo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Evaluation of Quality Parameters and Proximate Composition of Roselle and Butterfly Pea Flower Potential Antioxidant Sources
as raw materials in food and beverage products due to their potential antioxidant properties. The quality of crude drugs is a critical factor in determining the final quality of the preparation. This study aims to evaluate the quality of roselle flower (RF) and butterfly pea flower (BPF) crude drugs, focusing on parameters such as loss on drying, water- and ethanol-soluble extract content, and proximate composition (moisture, ash, protein, fat, and carbohydrate content). The results indicated that the loss on drying values for RF and BPF were 9.43% and 9.98%, respectively; water-soluble extract contents were 55.68% and 49.00%; and ethanol-soluble extract contents were 28.58% and 17.83%, respectively. The loss on drying as well as the water- and ethanol- soluble extract contents of RF met the standards specified in the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia (Volume II). However, there are currently no established reference standards for the water- and ethanol-soluble extract contents of BPF. Proximate analysis revealed that RF and BPF had moisture contents of 9.11% and 10.13%, ash contents of 7.56% and 6.68%, protein contents of 7.68% and 20.71%, fat contents of 1.67% and 3.15%, and carbohydrate contents of 73.98% and 59.33%, respectively. The moisture content of BPF slightly exceeded the acceptable limit, which may be attributed to suboptimal drying conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Meyke Herina Syafitri, Frista Alprina Putri Yulianti, Cicik Herlina Yulianti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Characterization of Bacterial Isolates and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing in General Surgery Patients
Antimicrobial resistance represents a critical global health challenge with disproportionate effects on resource-limited healthcare systems. Suboptimal antibiotic prescribing practices contribute to the emergence and dissemination of multidrug-resistant pathogens. This investigation sought to characterize bacterial distribution patterns and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles among general surgery patients, while examining associations between predisposing factors and resistant microorganisms. We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional observational study spanning January 2020 through June 2023, enrolling general surgery patients meeting predetermined inclusion criteria. Among 443 patients with positive bacterial cultures, the predominant isolates included coagulase-negative staphylococci (n=69, 16%), methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA; n=23, 5%), extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- producing Escherichia coli (n=87, 24%), ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=17, 4%), non-ESBL E. coli (n=64, 14%), and non-ESBL K. pneumoniae (n=46, 10%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that meropenem, moxifloxacin, tigecycline, and piperacillin/tazobactam demonstrated efficacy against ESBL- producing K. pneumoniae and E. coli. For MRSA isolates, effective agents included piperacillin/tazobactam, rifampicin, vancomycin, and quinupristin/dalfopristin. Ceftriaxone was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic for patients with ESBL and MRSA-positive cultures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samirah, Marisa Anggia Ibrahim, Arief Prabowo, Novita Arbianti, Dewi Ramdani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Formulation and Activity Testing of Paper Soap Extracted from Lerak Fruit (Sapindus rarak DC) Against the Growth of Staphylococcus aureus
Infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus can occur due to poor hand hygiene. One of preventive solution is the use of soap containing natural antibacterial ingredients, such as soapnut. Soapnut (Sapindus rarak DC) contains active compounds such as saponin, alkaloid, steroid, anthraquinone, tanin, phenol, flavonoid, and essensial oil. This study aims to formulate paper soap using a 70% ethanol extract of soapnut and test its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The method used was a laboratory experiment with three paper soap formulas containing lerak fruit extract at concentrations of 40% (F1), 50% (F2), and 60% (F3). The evaluation of the formulations included organoleptic testing, pH measurement, foam height, hedonic testing, and antibacterial activity testing using the disk diffusion method. The results showed that all formulations met the physical characteristics of paper soap. Hedonic testing indicated that F3 was the most preferred by the panelists in terms of color, aroma, and texture. Antibacterial activity was indicated by inhibition zones in all formulations, with F1, F2, and F3 showing moderate inhibition zones. In conclusion, paper soap made from lerak fruit extract can be formulated effectively and exhibits antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with the best formulation 60% concentration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eka Putri Mauliddya, Nadya Ambarwati, Fikria Marfuatin Nur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Bacterial Isolation Of Panulirus versicolor Gill’s Bacteria and Their Ability to Inhibit Staphylococcus aureus
Antibacteria is compounds that can be isolated from the environment or living things. One of the organisms that produce antibacteria is bacteria. The bacteria in the gills of bamboo lobsters (Panulirus versicolor) are a type of microorganism that is capable of producing antibacterials. The aim of this study is to determine the name of bacteria in lobster gills and their ability to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcu aureus. The method used in this study was automatic culture analysis (VITEK MS) and paper disk diffusion to see its antibacterial ability. The isolation results showed that there were three types of bacteria that were isolated from lobster gills, namely Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus gallinarum, and Bacillus megaterium. The three bacterial isolates were then tested for their ability to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial test results of the three isolates were only Bacillus megaterium able to produce an inhibition zone (6.52mm) with a moderate inhibition category.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lailatus Sadiyah, Iis Wulandari, Kinanti Ayu Puji Lesteri, Farida Hayati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract and Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Kenikir Leaves (Cosmos caudatus Kunth.) Against Propionibacterium acnes Bacteria
Propionibacterium acnes is a major bacterium responsible for acne vulgaris, a common skin condition among adolescents. Long-term use of antibiotic such as clindamycin can lead to bacterial resistances, necessitating alternative treatments from natural sources. Cosmos caudatus Kunth. (kenikir) contains antibacteri compounds like flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and terpenoids. This study aims to evaluate the antibactery activity of 70% ethanol extract and ethyl acetated fractions of kenikir leaves again Propionibacterium acnes, and to assess the effect of concentration. Extraction was carried out by maceration use 70% ethanol, followed by liquid-liquid fractionation with ethyl acetate. Antibactery activity was tested using the disc diffusion method at concentration of 50%, 75%, and 100%. The inhibition zone diameters of the extract were 13.60±0.35 mm, 14.33±0.16 mm, and 10.96±0.33 mm (strong), while the fraction yielded 9.23±0.48 mm (moderate), 10.67±0.53 mm (strong), and 14.30±0.64 mm (strong). Two-way ANOVA showed a significan differences between extract and fraction (p < 0.05). One-way ANOVA revealed a significants effects of extract concentration (p < 0.05), but no significants effect for fraction concentrations (p > 0.05). In conclusion, both extract and fraction exhibited antibacterial activity, with the fraction being more effective. Concentration influenced extract activity but not the fraction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dewi Perwito Sari, Adelia Rahmasari, Asri Wido Mukti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Antibacterial Activity of Vesicularia ferriei Ethanol Extract Againts Staphylococcus aureus
Indonesia's tropical climate contributes to a high incidence of bacterial infections, including those caused by Staphylococcus aureus. This Gram-positive bacterium forms irregular clusters, does not produce spores, is facultatively anaerobic, and is immobile. It is responsible for various infections, including skin infections, endocarditis, bacteremia, and pneumonia. Vesicularia ferriei, an aquarium moss commonly used in aquascaping, belongs to the Hypnaceae family and contains secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, flavonols, and triterpenoids. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of Vesicularia ferriei ethanol extract against Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial activity was tested using the disc diffusion method with the pour plate technique at concentrations of 100 ppm, 500 ppm, 1,000 ppm, 5,000 ppm, and 10,000 ppm, with three replications. The results showed weak inhibition zones around the paper discs at 5,000 ppm (3.76 mm) and 10,000 ppm (4.76 mm). The negative control (10% DMSO) produced no inhibition zone, while the positive control (Cefadroxil antibiotic) exhibited a strong inhibition zone averaging (15.07 mm). These findings indicate that the ethanol extract of Vesicularia ferriei has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, albeit in the weak category. This study serves as a reference for further research exploring different extraction methods, antibacterial testing techniques, solvents, and extract concentrations. Additional studies are needed to investigate the broader benefits of Vesicularia ferriei extract and its potential as an antibacterial agent.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andhika Dwi Aristyawan, Umarudin, Mercyska Suryandari, silvi Ayu Wulansari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Validity Dan Reliability Of Functional Assessment Of Chronic Illness Therapy Tuberculosis (FACIT-TB) Questionnaire Indonesia Version
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the infectious diseases that needs to be watched out for in Indonesia. TB affects the quality of life of patients, such as physical, social, emotional, functional and spiritual factors. Valid instrument measurements are needed to determine the quality of life of TB patients. FACIT-TB is a questionnaire used as a measurement of quality of life in TB patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Indonesian version of the FACIT-TB questionnaire as a valid questionnaire. This study used a quantitative method with a sample of 110 respondents at the Lamongan Regional Health Center. The results obtained were tested using the Pearson correlation test to determine its validity while for reliability it was seen with the Cronbach alpha value. The results of the validity test were declared valid with the requirement that the calculated r value > r table. The results of all FACIT-TB questionnaire questions were declared valid. The results of the reliability test used the Cronbach alpha value with the entire domain value > 0.6. Therefore, the Indonesian version of the FACIT-TB questionnaire is a valid and reliable measurement of quality of life for TB patients. Quality of life must be measured with a valid questionnaire or instrument to obtain accurate results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Devi Ristian Octavia, Muhammad Muflih Zaku Al-Hadi, Irma Susanti, Ninik Mas Ulfa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Physical Evaluation of Chamomile Kombucha Liquid Soap Fermented for 7 Days with Variations of Vegetable Oils and Aromatic Ingredients
Chamomile kombucha is a product obtained from the fermentation of kombucha using chamomile and a sugar as nutrient sources for the bacteria and yeast in the scoby to grow. Chamomile kombucha contains phenolic compounds and organic acids that can be utilized in cosmetics. Chamomile kombucha has the potential to be used as an active ingredient in liquid soap formulations. This research aims to evaluate the physical evaluation of the liquid soap, including foam height, pH value, and hedonic. This research using an experimental method using various concentrations of chamomile kombucha fermented for 7 days, which were added to the liquid soap formulation. The results showed that different concentrations of chamomile kombucha affected the physical characteristics of the liquid soap. FS7CL3 had the lowest pH, the highest foam height, and the most preferred aroma; FS7OM2 had the most preferred color; and FS7CL2 had the most preferred texture. The Friedman test showed significant differences between formulas for all sensory attributes (p < 0.001), and mean rank and pairwise comparison results confirmed that these formulas were the most favored by panelists.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kharisma Ilmi Nabilah, Kinanti Ayu Puji Lestari, Fatiya Nur Azifah, Jessica Aparawidya Diaksa, Ana Safitri, Silfiana Nisa Permatasari, Lailatus Sa’diyah, Eliza Stepanie Romadhona, Eziah Ika Lubada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analysis of Pharmaceutical Workforce Needs using the ABK-Kes Method in the Medical Logistics Service Room at RSI Surabaya Jemursari
Human resources are one of the factors in improving the quality of hospital services. This study aims to analyze the workforce needs in the medical logistics service room of RSI Surabaya Jemursari. The sample in this study was all medical logistics service room officers, totaling 6 people, and the main task activities of medical logistics service room officers. Data collection was carried out by observation using the time study technique to determine the time used to complete the main task activities, in-depth interviews, and document reviews. The data was then processed using the Health Workload Analysis (ABK Kes) method to calculate the optimal workforce requirements standard. The location of the study was in the medical logistics service room of RSI Surabaya Jemursari in April-May 2023. The available working time data was 112,140 minutes/year. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that the number of officers in charge of the medical logistics service room needed is 1.02903, rounded up to 1 person, while the need for pharmaceutical technical personnel is 5.4594, rounded up to 5. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the number of employees in the medical logistics service room of RSI Jemursari Surabaya is in accordance with the personnel needed to overcome the existing workload.
Copyright (c) 2025 Silfiana Nisa, Lutfiana Rakhmawati, Selly Septi Fandinata, Kinanti Ayu Puji Lestari, Eziah Ika Lubada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Comparison of Vitamin C Levels in Roasted Green Coconut Water and Green Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera) Using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry Method
The coconut (Cocos nucifera) is a plant known as the Tree of Life. One of the chemicals found in coconut water is vitamin C, which functions as an antioxidant. Now, a new innovation has emerged: a method of serving coconut water by burning it. The benefits of coconut water include preventing angina, muscle aches, and cholesterol. This study aimed to compare the vitamin C levels produced by roasted green coconut water and green coconut water. The method used in this study was to roast green coconuts for four hours, then analyze the vitamin C content of the coconut water using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 266 nm. The method used in this study is that green coconut is burned for four hours then the coconut water is analyzed for vitamin C content using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry with a wavelength of 266 nm. The results showed that there was a significant difference between grilled green coconut water and coconut water. The highest vitamin C concentration was found in roasted green coconut water with a value of 20,784 ± 0,34 ppm. While the content of green coconut water with a value of 7,359 ± 0,04 ppm. The conclusion of this study is that vitamin C in roasted green coconut water has higher levels than green coconut water.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tridoso Sapto Agus Priyono, Lintang Bismantara, Carmia Dewi Salmaa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect Of Isopropyl Palmitate Composition As Liquid Lipid On The Physical Characteristics Of Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) Coenzyme Q10
Coenzyme Q10 is naturally found in mitochondria, functioning as an antioxidant to protect the body from free radicals. One preparation that can increase its stability is Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC). NLC is a drug delivery system that uses a combination of solid lipids and liquid lipids stabilized by surfactants. This study aims to determine the composition of Isopropyl palmitate on the physical characteristics of the NLC Coenzyme Q10 preparation. In this study, the formulation of NLC Coenzyme Q10 preparation was made with varying concentrations of liquid lipids Isopropyl palmitate F1 2%, F2 3% and F3 4% solid lipid Cetyl palmitate 12% with the active ingredient Coenzyme Q10. The finished NLC preparation was stored for 24 hours to conduct physical characteristic tests including organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, and spreadability. Based on the results of organoleptic testing, the three formulas have met the specified specifications, namely having a semi- solid form, pale yellow in color and odorless, and showing good homogeneity. The test results showed that variations in the composition of isopropyl palmitate did not significantly affect the pH value or spreadability of the NLC coenzyme Q10 preparation (p>0.05). Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that differences in the composition of liquid lipids in the NLC Coenzyme Q10 preparation did not affect the physical characteristics test.
Copyright (c) 2026 Silvi Ayu Wulansari, Lamtiur Nainggolan, Denis Alifia Azzahro, Azka Nur Khoirun, Andhika Dwi Aristyawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Formulation And Stability Test Of Lip Cream With Active Ingredients Of Rosella Flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa) and Secang (Caesalpinia sappan)
ABSTRAK Most of the lip cream products on the market today still use synthetic dyes that may contain carcinogenic heavy metals. To address this issue, natural dyes have become a safer and more environmentally friendly choice. Sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) and roselle flowers (Hibiscus sabdariffa) are two natural ingredients known to be rich in anthocyanins, thus potentially usable as natural dyes in cosmetics. This study aims to determine the effect of the combination of sappan wood extract and roselle flower extract in lip cream formulations on the physical characteristics and stability of the products. Two formulas were tested: F1 used 1% sappan wood extract (as a control), and F2 was a combination of 1% sappan wood extract and 1% roselle flower extract. Testing included organoleptic parameters, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and stability. The results showed that both formulas had similar aroma and texture. The color of lip cream F1 appeared pink, while F2 was brick red. Both were homogeneous and had a stable pH at 6. The spreadability of F1 was 5.9 cm and F2 was 5.4 cm, both still within acceptable ranges. However, stability testing using the freeze-thaw method over six cycles showed color changes in F1 and the appearance of granules in both formulas, indicating instability in terms of organoleptics and homogeneity. Overall, formulas F1 and F2 have the potential to be used as natural dyes in lip cream formulations, but improvements need to be made in the manufacturing method to enhance the stability of the preparations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wulan Aprillia Putri, Eliza Romadhona, Fitria Abbas Thalib https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0