Journal Pharmasci (Journal of Pharmacy and Science)
Journal Pharmasci (Journal of Pharmacy and Science; p-ISSN: 2527-6328, e-ISSN: 2549-3558) is a scientific, peer-reviewed and open-access journal managed and published by Akademi Farmasi Surabaya in January and July annually. Pharmasci publishes full-length original articles and reviews. The scope of the journal is pharmaceutical (clinical and community pharmacy, management of pharmacy, dosage forms formulations and pharmaceutical technology, pharmacognosy, chemical pharmacy, and biology pharmacy) and basic science (biology, microbiology, chemistry, and physics), including its application. Therefore, this journal is intended to serve scientists, pharmacists, and other medical practitioners or researchers at all levels throughout the world. Journal Pharmasci has registered as a CrossRef member. Thus, all published articles will have a unique Digital Object Identifier (DOI) number to guarantee authors regarding long-term archiving. With the DOI, all articles in Journal Pharmasci will not be affected by changes to the URL currently used. Besides, this journal is also archived in LOCKSS and PKP PN systems to maintain long-term preservation.
Study Formaldehyde Release From Personal Care Products by Chromotropic Acid Method
Personal care products have become an essential part of our daily routines. The presence of water in personal care product formulations can be a breeding ground for microorganisms. Therefore, preservatives are needed to prevent product deterioration. Formaldehyde and formaldehyde-releasing agents are often found as preservatives in personal care products. However, in high doses, formaldehyde has the potential to cause irritation and even cancer. Therefore, the use of formaldehyde in personal care products is limited to no more than 0,2%. The purpose of this study was to identify formaldehyde release from personal care products, both those that list formaldehyde-releasing preservatives and those that do not list formaldehyde-releasing preservatives in their ingredient lists. A semi-quantitative method using chromatotropic acid reagent was used to detect formaldehyde release from the personal care products. Based on the results of 180 products, it was found that 74 (41.1%) products contained formaldehyde with levels <0.2%, still meeting safe limits by BPOM. However, of the 74 products, there were 3 products with formaldehyde content >0.05% and did not list formaldehyde-releasing preservatives in their ingredient lists, making them dangerous for individuals with a history of formaldehyde allergies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cicik Herlina Yulianti, Mila Hanifah, Farida Fuji Astutik, Briliant Dyah Ayu Latjuba, Vika Ayu Devianti, Meyke Herina Syafitri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Relationship Of The Medication Compliance With The Quality Of Life Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With Gangrene Complications
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) type 2 is a serious and chronic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels. DM causes complications such as gangrene. The success of DM management is influenced by factors, patient compliance in taking medication, which can ultimately reduce morbidity and mortality and improve the patient's quality of life. This study aims to identify the relationship between medication adherence and the quality of life of type 2 DM patients with gangrene complications. Sampling was carried out using purposive sampling and there were 95 type 2 DM patients with gangrene at the Sahabat Sehat Karanggeneng Clinic. Respondents with type 2 diabetes mellitus had high compliance with taking medication, reaching 93% and the lowest compliance with taking medication, reaching 7%. Respondents with type 2 diabetes mellitus had a moderate quality of life, namely 10.52%, good 62.01% and very good, namely 27.47%. This research uses a non-experimental cross-sectional study method. Spearman-rank test was used to analyze the data. The research instrument used the MARS-10 questionnaire for medication adherence and Whoqol-Bref for quality of life. The results of the Spearman-rank p-value test were p=0.001. There is a significant relationship between adherence to taking medication and the quality of life of type 2 DM patients with gangrene complications. Effective management of type 2 DM and prevention of gangrene complications are very important to improve compliance and maintain patient quality of life.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wulan Dwi Jumadi, Primanitha Ria Utami, Irma Susanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic, and Total Flavonoid Content of Javanese Ginseng and Sidaguri Leaves
This study aimed to determine and compare the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content of Javanese ginseng leaves (Talinum paniculatum) and sidaguri leaves (Sida rhombifolia L.). The leaf samples were dried, ground, and extracted with ethanol using the maceration method. Total flavonoid content was determined using the quercetin reagent, while total phenolic content was measured using the Folin– Ciocalteu reagent. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH assay, and IC?? values were calculated. The results showed that the Javanese ginseng leaf extract exhibited higher antioxidant activity than sidaguri leaf extract, with IC?? values of 175 ppm and 500 ppm, respectively. The total flavonoid content of Javanese ginseng leaves was 11.653 mg QE/g, higher than that of sidaguri leaves (8.782 mg QE/g), as was the total phenolic content (6.029 mg GAE/g vs. 1.552 mg GAE/g). These differences in content and activity may be influenced by species variation, growing location, extraction method, solvent type, as well as sample storage and processing conditions. This study confirms that Javanese ginseng leaves have greater potential as a natural antioxidant source and may serve as a basis for the development of antioxidant-based herbal products.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khoirul Ngibad, Cicik Wijayanti, Gaby Ayu Patricia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Physical Quality Stability Test and Antibacterial Activity Test of Face Toner Roll On Formulation of Centella Asiatica (L.) Urb. Leaf Extract Againts Propionibacterus acnes
Acne affects all ages, from teenagers to adults, and is generally caused by bacteria. One of the main causes is Propionibacterium acnes, a gram-positive bacterium that lives in the skin and sebaceous follicles. Therefore, a natural solution for treating acne is gotu kola leaves, which are blended into a liquid roll-on face toner. Its flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids act as antibacterial agents against Propionibacterium acnes. This study used a laboratory experiment. The results showed that the physical stability test of gotu kola leaf extract roll-on face toner (Centella asiatica (L.) urb) in formulation 1 (7.5%), formulation 2 (10%), and formulation 3 (12.5%) successfully withstood the test, maintained stable pH and viscosity, and exhibited no significant changes in color and odor upon storage. The gotu kola leaf extract roll-on face toner demonstrated very strong antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes. Formula F3 (12.5%) had the largest inhibition zone diameter of 46.27 mm. However, based on ANOVA and post hoc tests, there was no significant difference between F2 (10%) and F3 (12.5%) compared to the positive control (sig > 0.05), so both formulas had comparable antibacterial effectiveness to the positive control.), so that both formulas had antibacterial effectiveness comparable to the positive control.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elpi Lutpiani, Luluk Aniqoh Meliana Putri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analysis of Treatment Compliance Level and the Relationship With Quality Of Life, New York Heart Association (NYHA) Classification, and Rehospitalization In Chronic Heart Failure Patients
Background: Patient non-compliance with heart failure treatment is associated with increased rehospitalization, deteriorating symptoms, decreased quality of life, and death. Therefore, this study aimed to examine compliance with chronic heart failure treatment and the relationship with quality of life, New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, and rehospitalization. Method: A cross-sectional study of chronic heart failure patients was carried out at Airlangga University Hospital (RSUA) from April to June 2023. The inclusion criteria include patients aged >18 years, signed informed consent, able to read, write, and had no difficulty communicating. Meanwhile, the exclusion criteria were chronic heart failure patients with no known history of rehospitalization. Results: The results showed that 41% of heart failure patients were compliant with RAASi, beta-blockers, MRA, and furosemide. Compliance with RAASi had a positive relationship with NYHA classification. However, a negative relationship was found between overall medication compliance and rehospitalization. There was no relationship between RAASi, beta-blockers, MRA, and furosemide compliance with the incidence of rehospitalization. Conclusion: A positive relationship was found between compliance and RAASi medication with NYHA classification, while medication compliance to the incidence of rehospitalization showed a negative relationship. Keywords: Chronic Heart Failure, Compliance, Quality of Life, NYHA Classification, Rehospitalization
Copyright (c) 2026 Wenny Putri Nilamsari, Neni Tri Astuti, Wanudya Atmajani, Budi Suprapti, Hendri Susilo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Evaluation of Quality Parameters and Proximate Composition of Roselle and Butterfly Pea Flower Potential Antioxidant Sources
as raw materials in food and beverage products due to their potential antioxidant properties. The quality of crude drugs is a critical factor in determining the final quality of the preparation. This study aims to evaluate the quality of roselle flower (RF) and butterfly pea flower (BPF) crude drugs, focusing on parameters such as loss on drying, water- and ethanol-soluble extract content, and proximate composition (moisture, ash, protein, fat, and carbohydrate content). The results indicated that the loss on drying values for RF and BPF were 9.43% and 9.98%, respectively; water-soluble extract contents were 55.68% and 49.00%; and ethanol-soluble extract contents were 28.58% and 17.83%, respectively. The loss on drying as well as the water- and ethanol- soluble extract contents of RF met the standards specified in the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia (Volume II). However, there are currently no established reference standards for the water- and ethanol-soluble extract contents of BPF. Proximate analysis revealed that RF and BPF had moisture contents of 9.11% and 10.13%, ash contents of 7.56% and 6.68%, protein contents of 7.68% and 20.71%, fat contents of 1.67% and 3.15%, and carbohydrate contents of 73.98% and 59.33%, respectively. The moisture content of BPF slightly exceeded the acceptable limit, which may be attributed to suboptimal drying conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Meyke Herina Syafitri, Frista Alprina Putri Yulianti, Cicik Herlina Yulianti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Characterization of Bacterial Isolates and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing in General Surgery Patients
Antimicrobial resistance represents a critical global health challenge with disproportionate effects on resource-limited healthcare systems. Suboptimal antibiotic prescribing practices contribute to the emergence and dissemination of multidrug-resistant pathogens. This investigation sought to characterize bacterial distribution patterns and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles among general surgery patients, while examining associations between predisposing factors and resistant microorganisms. We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional observational study spanning January 2020 through June 2023, enrolling general surgery patients meeting predetermined inclusion criteria. Among 443 patients with positive bacterial cultures, the predominant isolates included coagulase-negative staphylococci (n=69, 16%), methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA; n=23, 5%), extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- producing Escherichia coli (n=87, 24%), ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=17, 4%), non-ESBL E. coli (n=64, 14%), and non-ESBL K. pneumoniae (n=46, 10%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that meropenem, moxifloxacin, tigecycline, and piperacillin/tazobactam demonstrated efficacy against ESBL- producing K. pneumoniae and E. coli. For MRSA isolates, effective agents included piperacillin/tazobactam, rifampicin, vancomycin, and quinupristin/dalfopristin. Ceftriaxone was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic for patients with ESBL and MRSA-positive cultures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samirah, Marisa Anggia Ibrahim, Arief Prabowo, Novita Arbianti, Dewi Ramdani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Bacterial Isolation Of Panulirus versicolor Gill’s Bacteria and Their Ability to Inhibit Staphylococcus aureus
Antibacteria is compounds that can be isolated from the environment or living things. One of the organisms that produce antibacteria is bacteria. The bacteria in the gills of bamboo lobsters (Panulirus versicolor) are a type of microorganism that is capable of producing antibacterials. The aim of this study is to determine the name of bacteria in lobster gills and their ability to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcu aureus. The method used in this study was automatic culture analysis (VITEK MS) and paper disk diffusion to see its antibacterial ability. The isolation results showed that there were three types of bacteria that were isolated from lobster gills, namely Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus gallinarum, and Bacillus megaterium. The three bacterial isolates were then tested for their ability to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial test results of the three isolates were only Bacillus megaterium able to produce an inhibition zone (6.52mm) with a moderate inhibition category.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lailatus Sadiyah, Iis Wulandari, Kinanti Ayu Puji Lesteri, Farida Hayati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract and Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Kenikir Leaves (Cosmos caudatus Kunth.) Against Propionibacterium acnes Bacteria
Propionibacterium acnes is a major bacterium responsible for acne vulgaris, a common skin condition among adolescents. Long-term use of antibiotic such as clindamycin can lead to bacterial resistances, necessitating alternative treatments from natural sources. Cosmos caudatus Kunth. (kenikir) contains antibacteri compounds like flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and terpenoids. This study aims to evaluate the antibactery activity of 70% ethanol extract and ethyl acetated fractions of kenikir leaves again Propionibacterium acnes, and to assess the effect of concentration. Extraction was carried out by maceration use 70% ethanol, followed by liquid-liquid fractionation with ethyl acetate. Antibactery activity was tested using the disc diffusion method at concentration of 50%, 75%, and 100%. The inhibition zone diameters of the extract were 13.60±0.35 mm, 14.33±0.16 mm, and 10.96±0.33 mm (strong), while the fraction yielded 9.23±0.48 mm (moderate), 10.67±0.53 mm (strong), and 14.30±0.64 mm (strong). Two-way ANOVA showed a significan differences between extract and fraction (p < 0.05). One-way ANOVA revealed a significants effects of extract concentration (p < 0.05), but no significants effect for fraction concentrations (p > 0.05). In conclusion, both extract and fraction exhibited antibacterial activity, with the fraction being more effective. Concentration influenced extract activity but not the fraction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dewi Perwito Sari, Adelia Rahmasari, Asri Wido Mukti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Validity Dan Reliability Of Functional Assessment Of Chronic Illness Therapy Tuberculosis (FACIT-TB) Questionnaire Indonesia Version
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the infectious diseases that needs to be watched out for in Indonesia. TB affects the quality of life of patients, such as physical, social, emotional, functional and spiritual factors. Valid instrument measurements are needed to determine the quality of life of TB patients. FACIT-TB is a questionnaire used as a measurement of quality of life in TB patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Indonesian version of the FACIT-TB questionnaire as a valid questionnaire. This study used a quantitative method with a sample of 110 respondents at the Lamongan Regional Health Center. The results obtained were tested using the Pearson correlation test to determine its validity while for reliability it was seen with the Cronbach alpha value. The results of the validity test were declared valid with the requirement that the calculated r value > r table. The results of all FACIT-TB questionnaire questions were declared valid. The results of the reliability test used the Cronbach alpha value with the entire domain value > 0.6. Therefore, the Indonesian version of the FACIT-TB questionnaire is a valid and reliable measurement of quality of life for TB patients. Quality of life must be measured with a valid questionnaire or instrument to obtain accurate results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Devi Ristian Octavia, Muhammad Muflih Zaku Al-Hadi, Irma Susanti, Ninik Mas Ulfa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Physical Evaluation of Chamomile Kombucha Liquid Soap Fermented for 7 Days with Variations of Vegetable Oils and Aromatic Ingredients
Chamomile kombucha is a product obtained from the fermentation of kombucha using chamomile and a sugar as nutrient sources for the bacteria and yeast in the scoby to grow. Chamomile kombucha contains phenolic compounds and organic acids that can be utilized in cosmetics. Chamomile kombucha has the potential to be used as an active ingredient in liquid soap formulations. This research aims to evaluate the physical evaluation of the liquid soap, including foam height, pH value, and hedonic. This research using an experimental method using various concentrations of chamomile kombucha fermented for 7 days, which were added to the liquid soap formulation. The results showed that different concentrations of chamomile kombucha affected the physical characteristics of the liquid soap. FS7CL3 had the lowest pH, the highest foam height, and the most preferred aroma; FS7OM2 had the most preferred color; and FS7CL2 had the most preferred texture. The Friedman test showed significant differences between formulas for all sensory attributes (p < 0.001), and mean rank and pairwise comparison results confirmed that these formulas were the most favored by panelists.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kharisma Ilmi Nabilah, Kinanti Ayu Puji Lestari, Fatiya Nur Azifah, Jessica Aparawidya Diaksa, Ana Safitri, Silfiana Nisa Permatasari, Lailatus Sa’diyah, Eliza Stepanie Romadhona, Eziah Ika Lubada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analysis of Pharmaceutical Workforce Needs using the ABK-Kes Method in the Medical Logistics Service Room at RSI Surabaya Jemursari
Human resources are one of the factors in improving the quality of hospital services. This study aims to analyze the workforce needs in the medical logistics service room of RSI Surabaya Jemursari. The sample in this study was all medical logistics service room officers, totaling 6 people, and the main task activities of medical logistics service room officers. Data collection was carried out by observation using the time study technique to determine the time used to complete the main task activities, in-depth interviews, and document reviews. The data was then processed using the Health Workload Analysis (ABK Kes) method to calculate the optimal workforce requirements standard. The location of the study was in the medical logistics service room of RSI Surabaya Jemursari in April-May 2023. The available working time data was 112,140 minutes/year. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that the number of officers in charge of the medical logistics service room needed is 1.02903, rounded up to 1 person, while the need for pharmaceutical technical personnel is 5.4594, rounded up to 5. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the number of employees in the medical logistics service room of RSI Jemursari Surabaya is in accordance with the personnel needed to overcome the existing workload.
Copyright (c) 2025 Silfiana Nisa, Lutfiana Rakhmawati, Selly Septi Fandinata, Kinanti Ayu Puji Lestari, Eziah Ika Lubada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Comparison of Vitamin C Levels in Roasted Green Coconut Water and Green Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera) Using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry Method
The coconut (Cocos nucifera) is a plant known as the Tree of Life. One of the chemicals found in coconut water is vitamin C, which functions as an antioxidant. Now, a new innovation has emerged: a method of serving coconut water by burning it. The benefits of coconut water include preventing angina, muscle aches, and cholesterol. This study aimed to compare the vitamin C levels produced by roasted green coconut water and green coconut water. The method used in this study was to roast green coconuts for four hours, then analyze the vitamin C content of the coconut water using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 266 nm. The method used in this study is that green coconut is burned for four hours then the coconut water is analyzed for vitamin C content using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry with a wavelength of 266 nm. The results showed that there was a significant difference between grilled green coconut water and coconut water. The highest vitamin C concentration was found in roasted green coconut water with a value of 20,784 ± 0,34 ppm. While the content of green coconut water with a value of 7,359 ± 0,04 ppm. The conclusion of this study is that vitamin C in roasted green coconut water has higher levels than green coconut water.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tridoso Sapto Agus Priyono, Lintang Bismantara, Carmia Dewi Salmaa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect Of Isopropyl Palmitate Composition As Liquid Lipid On The Physical Characteristics Of Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) Coenzyme Q10
Coenzyme Q10 is naturally found in mitochondria, functioning as an antioxidant to protect the body from free radicals. One preparation that can increase its stability is Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC). NLC is a drug delivery system that uses a combination of solid lipids and liquid lipids stabilized by surfactants. This study aims to determine the composition of Isopropyl palmitate on the physical characteristics of the NLC Coenzyme Q10 preparation. In this study, the formulation of NLC Coenzyme Q10 preparation was made with varying concentrations of liquid lipids Isopropyl palmitate F1 2%, F2 3% and F3 4% solid lipid Cetyl palmitate 12% with the active ingredient Coenzyme Q10. The finished NLC preparation was stored for 24 hours to conduct physical characteristic tests including organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, and spreadability. Based on the results of organoleptic testing, the three formulas have met the specified specifications, namely having a semi- solid form, pale yellow in color and odorless, and showing good homogeneity. The test results showed that variations in the composition of isopropyl palmitate did not significantly affect the pH value or spreadability of the NLC coenzyme Q10 preparation (p>0.05). Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that differences in the composition of liquid lipids in the NLC Coenzyme Q10 preparation did not affect the physical characteristics test.
Copyright (c) 2026 Silvi Ayu Wulansari, Lamtiur Nainggolan, Denis Alifia Azzahro, Azka Nur Khoirun, Andhika Dwi Aristyawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Formulation And Stability Test Of Lip Cream With Active Ingredients Of Rosella Flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa) and Secang (Caesalpinia sappan)
ABSTRAK Most of the lip cream products on the market today still use synthetic dyes that may contain carcinogenic heavy metals. To address this issue, natural dyes have become a safer and more environmentally friendly choice. Sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) and roselle flowers (Hibiscus sabdariffa) are two natural ingredients known to be rich in anthocyanins, thus potentially usable as natural dyes in cosmetics. This study aims to determine the effect of the combination of sappan wood extract and roselle flower extract in lip cream formulations on the physical characteristics and stability of the products. Two formulas were tested: F1 used 1% sappan wood extract (as a control), and F2 was a combination of 1% sappan wood extract and 1% roselle flower extract. Testing included organoleptic parameters, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and stability. The results showed that both formulas had similar aroma and texture. The color of lip cream F1 appeared pink, while F2 was brick red. Both were homogeneous and had a stable pH at 6. The spreadability of F1 was 5.9 cm and F2 was 5.4 cm, both still within acceptable ranges. However, stability testing using the freeze-thaw method over six cycles showed color changes in F1 and the appearance of granules in both formulas, indicating instability in terms of organoleptics and homogeneity. Overall, formulas F1 and F2 have the potential to be used as natural dyes in lip cream formulations, but improvements need to be made in the manufacturing method to enhance the stability of the preparations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wulan Aprillia Putri, Eliza Romadhona, Fitria Abbas Thalib https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Animated Video on Diabetic Patients' Knowledge Regarding Medication Use, Side Effects, and Their Management
The prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus cases in Indonesia shows a rising trend. Based on Riskesdas 2018, the prevalence of DM according to the PERKENI consensus in the population >15 years old increases every year from 6.9% in 2011, 8.5% in 2015 and to 10.9% in 2018. As many as 75% of patients receive therapy OAD, 5% insulin injection, 11% OAD and insulin, and 9% untreated. According to several study reports, patient compliance in using diabetes medication is around 50%. One of the causes of patient non-compliance is the side effects of insulin therapy or OAD. This research is aimed at analyzing the provision of education with animated videos on type 2 DM patients' knowledge regarding medication use, side effects and their management. The results of the study showed that from a total sample of 40 patients, animated videos could increase patient knowledge significantly with the average value of patient knowledge before education being 38.4 ± 20.1 and after education being 85.9 ± 15.8 (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the percentage of patients who had good knowledge increased from 0% to 67.5% (p<0.05). Thus, it can be concluded that there is an increase in patient knowledge regarding the use of diabetes medications, side effects, and its management as well as related strategies for increasing compliance after education using animated video media.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wenny Putri Nilamsari, Budi Suprapti, Dewi Wara Shinta, Mareta Rindang Andarsari, Bambang Subakti Zulkarnain, Suharjono, Khusnul Fitri Hamidah, Meuthia Handayani, Hikma Urwatil Wusqo, Wanda Maharani Putri , Desi Jannati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of HPMC (Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose) on the Physical Stability of Peel-Off Gel Masks Containing Aloe Vera (Aloe vera) and Moringa Leaves (Moringa oleifera L.)
P Researchers prepared the peel-off gel mask formulation, which combines Aloe vera and moringa leaf extract (Moringa oleifera L.), in three different formulas with varying concentrations of HPMC. Stability testing was conducted using the freeze-thaw method for six cycles at temperatures of 4? and 40?. Physical stability parameters evaluated included organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and drying time. Organoleptic observations revealed color differences among the three formulas: Fm1 and Fm2 appeared dark green, while Fm3 exhibited a moss green color. No differences were observed before and after the freeze-thaw test in terms of color; however, consistency changed, becoming slightly more liquid from cycle 2 through cycle 6. Homogeneity testing showed phase separation in formulas Fm1 and Fm2 during the second cycle and in Fm3 during the fourth cycle. There were no significant differences in pH, spreadability, or drying time after undergoing the freeze-thaw stability test.
Copyright (c) 2025 Soraya Isvandaria Devie, Fitria Abbas Thalib, Silvi Ayu Wulansari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of a Combination of Bay Leaves and Cloves in Mouthwash Preparations in the Antibacterial Activity of Streptococcus mutans
Streptococcus mutans is a bacteria that can damage teeth. This study aims to determine the effect of the combination of bay leaf extract and clove oil in herbal mouthwash on Streptococcus mutans and to measure the inhibition zone of each formulation. Bay leaf extract was obtained through the maceration method, while the antibacterial test used the disc diffusion method. Formulation 1 contains 1% bay leaves and 5 ml of cloves; Formulation 2 has 2% bay leaves and 7.5 ml of cloves; Formulation 3 consists of 3% bay leaves and 10 ml of cloves. The positive control used Listerine, and the negative control used distilled water. The evaluation included organoleptic tests, pH, homogeneity, stability, and viscosity. The results of the organoleptic test showed a green liquid preparation with a spicy aroma and a sweet and bitter taste. All three formulations had a pH of 6.5, classified as homogeneous and stable. The viscosity test showed a range of 48.5-158.5 mPa.s. Antibacterial test showed inhibition zone in Formulation 1 of 9.33 mm, Formulation 2 of 15.49 mm, and Formulation 3 of 10.35 mm. The formulation has great potential as an alternative herbal mouthwash with strong ability to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cicik Wijayanti, Lyrra Mirna Amanda, Nabilah Rosdiana Maulana, Yuke Pramudita Sari , Khoirul Ngibad, Ali Abraham https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analysis Of Awareness, Perceptions, Experiences And Expectations Of The Community Towards The Role Of Pharmacy In Pharmacy X City Of Kediri
The role of pharmacists in Indonesia is still being questioned due to the lack of pharmacists in pharmaceutical services. Changes in the orientation of pharmaceutical services make the role of pharmacists very important which will give rise to various perceptions from the public. It is very important to assess community awareness, perceptions, experiences and expectations to measure the quality of pharmaceutical services provided by pharmacists. This research will identify and analyze awareness, perceptions of expectations and community experiences regarding the contribution of pharmacists in pharmaceutical services in pharmacies. Method: Using a purposive sampling technique, this non-experimental research involved 300 pharmacy visitors as participants to observe the phenomena that occurred. Data was collected by filling out a questionnaire, and then univariate descriptive analysis and scoring were carried out. After that, normality and categorization were carried out based on the median value. Results: This research shows that the majority of the public (87.33% or 262 of 300 respondents) have a good level of awareness regarding the role of pharmacists. Meanwhile, good perceptions were recorded by 64% of respondents (192 people), good experiences by 73.33% of respondents (220 people), and good expectations by 51.33% of respondents (154 people) regarding the role of pharmacists in pharmaceutical services at Pharmacy However, efforts to continue to improve the quality of pharmaceutical services are still needed to minimize the occurrence of medication errors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dyah Ayu Kusumaratni, Happy Kholwati Amalia, Eko Yudha Prasetyo, Yogi Bhakti Marhenta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Suspending Agent Variation from Xanthan Gum and CMC-Na Toward Effervescent Granule Suspension Evaluation from Mangrove Crab (Scylla serrata) Shell Chitosan
Mangrove crab, (Scylla serrata) in the shell contains chitosan which can be used for anti-hypercholesterolemia. Chitosan synthesis procedures include demineralization, deproteination, and deacetylation. The resulting chitosan is then evaluated. The results of chitosan evaluation include organoleptic (powder, white to pale yellow, and odorless), deacetylation degree test (77.89±0.81%), yield (69.92%), ninhydrin (purple), ash content (0.2±0.09%) and water content (4.6±3.05%). This study aims to formulate Effervescent Granule Suspension using xanthan gum (F1) and CMC-Na (F2) as variations of suspending agents. The evaluation results of effervescent granules before reconstitution include the angle of repose test F1=22.31±1.53 ° and F2=24.51±1.85°, flow rate test F1=21.12±2.62 g/sec and F2=23.27±0.89 g/sec. % fines test F1=6.95±9.03% and F2=6.86±2.11%. Water content test F1=4.3±2.10% and F2=9.2±1.03%. The evaluation results after reconstitution include the foam height test F1=5±1 cm and F2=4.6±1.15 cm; dispersion time test F1=2.03±0.15 minutes and F2=3.2±0.25 minutes; Viscosity F1=1.97±0.19 mPa.S and F2=1.94±0.14 mPa.S and pH test F1=5.82 and F2=8.31. The results were then analyzed statistically. The conclusion in this study is that there is an effect of different suspending agents on the evaluation of water content, dispersion time and pH. The best Effervescent Granule Suspension Formulation is F1 with Xanthan gum suspending agent
Copyright (c) 2025 Reza Cantika Hidayat, Hilya Nur Imtihani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Identification of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity Test of Ethanol and Chloroform Extracts of Olive Leaves(Olea europaea)
The objective of this study is to identify the classes of bioactive compounds present in the ethanol and chloroform extracts of olive leaves (Olea europaea), to determine the specific bioactive compounds found in the chloroform and ethanol extracts of olive leaves, and to measure the IC50 values of the ethanol and chloroform extracts of olive leaves. Olive leaves was extracted with ethanol and chloroform solvents using the maceration method. Secondary metabolite groups was studied using a phytochemical screening test. The content of bioactive compounds in ethanol and chloroform extracts of olive leaves was tested using a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) test. An antioxidant activity test was performed using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method with silymarin as a comparator. The results obtained showed that the ethanol extract of olive leaves contained secondary metabolites of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, and saponins with bioactive compounds detected in the GC-MS test, namely benzoic acid, neophytadiene, and pyrrolidine. The chloroform extract of olive leaves is capable of binding to groups of compounds such as alkaloids, terpenoids, and steroids, with neophytadiene identified as an active compound. The results of antioxidant activity tests showed that the IC50 values of the ethanol extract, chloroform extract, and silymarin were 41.9 ppm (very strong), 119.7 ppm (moderate), and 25.9 ppm (very strong), respectively. The ethanol extract demonstrated the highest effectiveness in binding compounds and groups of secondary metabolites, and exhibited very strong antioxidant activity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Junairiah Junairiah, Fakhriyah Dini Aqila, Edy Setiti Wida Utami, Yulia Tri Nurindah Wanti, Risanda Ulinnuha, Nabilah Istighfari Zuraidassanaaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Physicochemical Characteristics and Antibacterial Activity Against Propionibacterium acnes of Anti-Acne Gel from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) and Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) Fruit Peel Extracts
The highest prevalence of acne vulgaris in women is around 83-85% at the age of 14-17 years, while in men it is around 95-100% at the age of 16-19 years. Factors that can cause acne include immune conditions that can affect normal skin flora, the hyperproliferation of the pilosebaceous unit, excessive sebum production, activity of inflammation, and Propionibacterium acnes. Mangosteen fruit containing ?-mangosteen has a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 1,2500mg/mL, while durian fruit has an inhibitory power of around 5-10mm and a colony count of between 50-67 colonies against Propionibacterium acnes. The synergistic effect of mangosteen and durian fruit peel extracts containing flavonoids will be formulated into a gel. The gel preparation has the advantage of being able to dry and form a shiny film layer on the skin, is non- greasy, and can provide a cooling sensation. In Formula 16, physical and chemical characteristics were evaluated, namelorganoleptic evaluation, viscosity, flow properties, spread ability, homogeneity, pH, and antibacterial activity. F10-F15 met the organoleptic specifications, F0-F15 had pseudoplastic flow properties and met the homogeneity and pH specifications. F12, F13, and F15 had inhibition zones of 2mm, and all formulas did not meet the viscosity evaluation. F0, F1, F2, F6, and F7 met the spread ability specifications. Differences in concentration can affect each physical and chemical characteristic evaluation performed, and the total combination of mangosteen and durian fruit peel extract is greater than or equal to 2% to be able to see the inhibition zones provided..
Copyright (c) 2025 Arfansya Arifien, Marisca Evalina Gondokesumo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Relationship Between Level Knowledge And Duration Of Diabetes Mellitus Type II And The Incidence Of Diabetic Ulcers At The Sahabat Sehat Clinic
Hyperglycemia caused by decreased insulin production or the ability to secrete it is a sign of DM. The disease diabetes mellitus is not communicable (NCDs) that causes the most deaths. Complications of diabetic ulcers can occur due to poor treatment and high blood sugar levels. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between the level of knowledge about diabetes mellitus (DM) and the number of diabetic ulcers at the Sahabat Sehat Clinic, Karanggeneng District. A total of 95 type 2 diabetes patients experienced diabetic ulcers, and this study used a descriptive method with a cross-sectional approach. Using the chi-square statistical test, the data were evaluated. The results showed that the level of knowledge was 0.017 and the duration of diabetes mellitus sufferers was 0.000. The degree of knowledge has a positive correlation with The length of diabetes and the degree of knowledge mellitus sufferers with the incidence of diabetic ulcers at the Sahabat Sehat clinic. Thus, the level of knowledge can reduce the risk of complications of diabetes mellitus, while patients with diabetes mellitus who do not have enough knowledge have a higher risk.
Copyright (c) 2025 Filza Eka Nur Sholeh, Primanitha Ria Utami, Sri Bintang Sahara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Storage Time and Temperature of Vitamin C on Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry Method
Background: Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a fruit rich in water and vitamins. One of the ingredients of watermelon is vitamin C which is a water-soluble vitamin that acts as an antioxidant that is able to fight free radicals in the body. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of shelf life and temperature of vitamin C in watermelon using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. Methods: The study was conducted using qualitative and quantitative analysis methods with UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 262 nm. The vitamin C stability test was carried out by analyzing standard solutions of 2 ppm, 4 ppm, 6 ppm, 8 ppm, and 10 ppm at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes at room temperature and refrigerator temperature. Results: Based on the results of qualitative analysis, the positive sample contained vitamin C and there was a decrease in the absorbance value of vitamin C at room temperature. Conclusion: Vitamin C is unstable at storage time and temperature so the raw solution is made fresh when.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asih imulda Hari Purwani, Rachma Nurhayati, Rosa Juwita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Validation Of Linerity Test Method For Determination Antioxidant Activity of Ascorbic Acid By DPPH Method Using Ethanol Solvent
Method’s validatio is very important in research, including in the antioxidant activity test. Based on USP XXXVII 2014, antioxidant activity test is included in category III research where analytical methods are used to ensure the performance and quality of finished product. Precision is a must in this cathegory and other parameters may be needed. This research aims to test the validation of the linearity of the antioxidant activity method of ascorbic acid using DPPH with ethanol as the antioxidant testing solvent. This study used ascorbic acid samples with 96% p.a. ethanol solvent. The test was conducted by taking 10 mg of ascorbic acid with concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ppm and repeating it 3 times. The data obtained concluded that the absorbance results from replicates 1, 2, and 3 were not significantly different. As the concentration increased, the resulting absorbance decreased. The percentage decrease results from this research can be considered valid because the obtained r values are close to 1, namely replication 1 = 0.9932, replication 2 = 0.9946, replication 3 = 0.9910.
Copyright (c) 2025 Galuh Gondo Kusumo, Sri Safitri, Mercyska Suryandari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Relationship between Medication Possession Ratio Method and Medication Adherence of Hypertension Patients at Sugio Health Center
Adherence to antihypertension drug consumption drugs is one of the determining factors in controlling blood pressure. Good adherence to therapy can gradually influence blood pressure and prevent complications. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the MPR (Medication Possession Rasio) method and medication adherence in hypertension patients. The current research used descriptive method whit a cross sectional approach. The data were collected prospectively with purposive sampling. The results of the study obtained 154 samples of hypertension patients with or without comorbidities aged ?17 years. The results obtained 134 patients (87.0%) in the adherent category, and 20 patients (13.0%) who were not adherent to redeeming prescription. The results indicated that 147 patients (95.5%) had moderate adherence, 4 patients (2.6%) had high adherence, and 3 patients (1.9%) were in the low adherence category. The results of the test of the relationship between the MPR method and adherence to taking medication can be concluded that the p value = 0.017, so there is a significant relationship between the MPR method and adherence to taking medication with the ARMS (Adherence of Reffil Medication Scale) questionnaire. Even though there is a relationship, the level of relationship is very low because at the level of medication compliance, the majority of hypertension patients are in the moderate compliance category due to the age of the patient who experiences difficulties when filling out the questionnaire and the high risk of manipulation by the patient by choosing good answers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahrotul wardah Zahrotul wardah, Irma Susanti Irma Susanti, Riana Prastiwi Handayani Riana Prastiwi Handayani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Profile of Hypertension Patient Characteristics Based on Measurements Using the Hypertension Knowledge Level Scale (HKLS) Questionnaire
Hypertension is an abnormal blood pressure that can be measured in at least three different situations. Generally, if blood pressure is more than 140/90 mmHg, then a person is considered to have high blood pressure. Patient characteristics greatly influence the knowledge of hypertensive patients. Knowledge about hypertension influences the patient's own blood pressure control. This study aims to determine the level of patient knowledge about hypertension in controlling blood pressure at one of the Community Health Centers in Lamongan district. This research uses a prospective research method with a nonprobability sampling technique using Accidental Sampling. Prospective data was obtained from the results of the validated Indonesian version of the HKLS questionnaire, distributed to patients starting January-February 2024 with a total of 50 patients. The research results were analyzed descriptively, and that the number of patients with a high level of knowledge was 28 patients (56%) and 22 with low knowledge. patients (44%). The number of patients whose blood pressure was controlled was 28 (56%) and the number of patients whose blood pressure was not controlled was 22 (44%). Based on the results of research by classifying HKLS questionnaire statements, it was found that the majority of patients had a poor level of knowledge regarding lifestyle and its complications. The conclusion of this study is that the profile of patient characteristics regarding hypertension knowledge using the HKLS questionnaire in blood pressure control.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ninik Mas Ulfa, Latifah Agnes Susanti, Tri Doso Sapto Agus Priyono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
In Silico Study: Prediction of bioavailabity, toxicity, and activity clitoria ternatea as an antidandruff
Dandruff is a disease caused by the fungus candida albicans. Dandruff, characterized by excessive scalp scaling, is grayish-white scattered on the hair, sometimes accompanied by itching. Dandruff affects about 50% of the world's population, with Indonesia ranking fourth in the prevalence of dandruff cases. Indonesia has a tropical climate that causes moisture, making it easier for the growth of Candida albicans fungus. One compound that can be utilized as an antifungal is telang flower. In this study, In silico method with molecular docking has been conducted. This study aims to explore the potential of bay flower kombucha as an anti-dandruff agent. The resulting compounds were further analyzed using in silico methods to predict bioavailability, toxicity, and antiketombe activity. The results of this study referring to the Journal of Functional Food the results of phytochemical screening of telang flowers by HPLC method showed that telang flowers contain active compounds such as gallic acid, kaempferol, delphinidin, epicatechin, myricetin, and quercetin which have high bioactivity potential. Bioavailability prediction revealed the result that delphinidin is the most favorable compound. Toxicity tests showed that most compounds had no significant toxic effects. Activity tests showed that some compounds had stronger binding to Candida albicans receptors compared to the drug ketoconazole. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of bay flowers as a source of effective and safe anti-dandruff compounds.
Copyright (c) 2025 Laili, Putri, Nadya, Alviola, Nabila, Safira https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Evaluation of Drug Related Problems (DRPs) in Hypertensive Patients at Muhammadiyah Lamongan Hospital
Hypertensive patients often get more than one type of drug therapy to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the use of too many drugs has the potential to increase the incidence of Drug Related Problems (DRPs). The incidence of DRPs resulted in an increase in health care costs and hospitalizations, length of hospital stay, decreased quality of life, and increased mortality rates. This study aims to discover the Drug Related Problems (DRPs) that occur in hypertension patients at Muhammadiyah Lamongan Hospital. Determination of DRPs based on the classification of Drug Related Problems (DRPs) according to PCNE V9.1 of 2020. This study is a descriptive observational research with retrospective data collection using purposive sampling. The instrument used was an observation sheet. The sample in this study was hypertension patients at Muhammadiyah Lamongan Hospital in August-October 2023 who met the inclusion criteria, namely prescriptions and medical record data of outpatients with a diagnosis of hypertension at Muhammadiyah Lamongan Hospital in August-October 2023, outpatients aged ?18 years and hypertensive patients with or without comorbidities with a total of 132 patients. The results showed that of the 19 categories of DRPs studied, 6 categories of DRPs were found to occur, namely adverse drug events (probably) occurred in as many as 132 events (45.67%), inappropriate drug combinations occurred as many as 124 events (42.91%), treatment was not given or incomplete even though there were indications for 18 events (6.23%), no indications for drugs 9 events (3.11%), The duration of treatment was too short for 5 events (1.73%), and the duration of treatment was too long for 1 event (0.35%). From the results of the study, it was concluded that the treatment obtained by hypertensive patients can cause various types of DRP events. This requires special attention so as not to increase the risk of medication errors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Novi Ayu Samodyaning Tyas, Irma Susanti, Riana Prastiwi Handayani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Manalagi Apple Peel Kombucha Coating Method As A Natural Preservatif on Beef
Beef is one of the main commodities in the food industry. Beef must undergo a preservation process so that the beef is protected from contamination by microorganisms to maintain their quality. Manalagi apple peel kombucha contains organic acids and phytochemical substances that can inhibit antimicrobial activity. The research used an experimental method with three formulations which were differentiated based on the concentration of apple peel in kombucha namlely FKA, FKB and FKC. Fresh beef samples were coated with each kombucha formulation and incubated for 6 hours and then tested for preference by 30 panelists and compared with the control. The results of the hedonic test showed that the panelists preferred beef that had been coated with FKA kombucha because it had a color that was not much different from the color of fresh beef. Meanwhile, the panelists preferred the odor of beef that had been coated with FKC kombucha because it had a fresher odor and was not smelly when compared to the control. Likewise, panelists preferred the texture of beef that had been coated with FKB and FKC kombucha because it felt the softest and most tender when compared to the control.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kinanti Lestari, Lita Zakaria, Vania Rifda Violeta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0