Journal Pharmasci (Journal of Pharmacy and Science)
Journal Pharmasci (Journal of Pharmacy and Science; p-ISSN: 2527-6328, e-ISSN: 2549-3558) is a scientific, peer-reviewed and open-access journal managed and published by Akademi Farmasi Surabaya in January and July annually. Pharmasci publishes full-length original articles and reviews. The scope of the journal is pharmaceutical (clinical and community pharmacy, management of pharmacy, dosage forms formulations and pharmaceutical technology, pharmacognosy, chemical pharmacy, and biology pharmacy) and basic science (biology, microbiology, chemistry, and physics), including its application. Therefore, this journal is intended to serve scientists, pharmacists, and other medical practitioners or researchers at all levels throughout the world. Journal Pharmasci has registered as a CrossRef member. Thus, all published articles will have a unique Digital Object Identifier (DOI) number to guarantee authors regarding long-term archiving. With the DOI, all articles in Journal Pharmasci will not be affected by changes to the URL currently used. Besides, this journal is also archived in LOCKSS and PKP PN systems to maintain long-term preservation.
Bacterial Isolation Of Panulirus versicolor Gill’s Bacteria and Their Ability to Inhibit Staphylococcus aureus
Antibacteria is compounds that can be isolated from the environment or living things. One of the organisms that produce antibacteria is bacteria. The bacteria in the gills of bamboo lobsters (Panulirus versicolor) are a type of microorganism that is capable of producing antibacterials. The aim of this study is to determine the name of bacteria in lobster gills and their ability to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcu aureus. The method used in this study was automatic culture analysis (VITEK MS) and paper disk diffusion to see its antibacterial ability. The isolation results showed that there were three types of bacteria that were isolated from lobster gills, namely Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus gallinarum, and Bacillus megaterium. The three bacterial isolates were then tested for their ability to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial test results of the three isolates were only Bacillus megaterium able to produce an inhibition zone (6.52mm) with a moderate inhibition category.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lailatus Sadiyah, Iis Wulandari, Kinanti Ayu Puji Lesteri, Farida Hayati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analysis of Pharmaceutical Workforce Needs using the ABK-Kes Method in the Medical Logistics Service Room at RSI Surabaya Jemursari
Human resources are one of the factors in improving the quality of hospital services. This study aims to analyze the workforce needs in the medical logistics service room of RSI Surabaya Jemursari. The sample in this study was all medical logistics service room officers, totaling 6 people, and the main task activities of medical logistics service room officers. Data collection was carried out by observation using the time study technique to determine the time used to complete the main task activities, in-depth interviews, and document reviews. The data was then processed using the Health Workload Analysis (ABK Kes) method to calculate the optimal workforce requirements standard. The location of the study was in the medical logistics service room of RSI Surabaya Jemursari in April-May 2023. The available working time data was 112,140 minutes/year. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that the number of officers in charge of the medical logistics service room needed is 1.02903, rounded up to 1 person, while the need for pharmaceutical technical personnel is 5.4594, rounded up to 5. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the number of employees in the medical logistics service room of RSI Jemursari Surabaya is in accordance with the personnel needed to overcome the existing workload.
Copyright (c) 2025 Silfiana Nisa, Lutfiana Rakhmawati, Selly Septi Fandinata, Kinanti Ayu Puji Lestari, Eziah Ika Lubada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Formulation And Stability Test Of Lip Cream With Active Ingredients Of Rosella Flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa) and Secang (Caesalpinia sappan)
ABSTRAK Most of the lip cream products on the market today still use synthetic dyes that may contain carcinogenic heavy metals. To address this issue, natural dyes have become a safer and more environmentally friendly choice. Sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) and roselle flowers (Hibiscus sabdariffa) are two natural ingredients known to be rich in anthocyanins, thus potentially usable as natural dyes in cosmetics. This study aims to determine the effect of the combination of sappan wood extract and roselle flower extract in lip cream formulations on the physical characteristics and stability of the products. Two formulas were tested: F1 used 1% sappan wood extract (as a control), and F2 was a combination of 1% sappan wood extract and 1% roselle flower extract. Testing included organoleptic parameters, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and stability. The results showed that both formulas had similar aroma and texture. The color of lip cream F1 appeared pink, while F2 was brick red. Both were homogeneous and had a stable pH at 6. The spreadability of F1 was 5.9 cm and F2 was 5.4 cm, both still within acceptable ranges. However, stability testing using the freeze-thaw method over six cycles showed color changes in F1 and the appearance of granules in both formulas, indicating instability in terms of organoleptics and homogeneity. Overall, formulas F1 and F2 have the potential to be used as natural dyes in lip cream formulations, but improvements need to be made in the manufacturing method to enhance the stability of the preparations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wulan Aprillia Putri, Eliza Romadhona, Fitria Abbas Thalib https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Animated Video on Diabetic Patients' Knowledge Regarding Medication Use, Side Effects, and Their Management
The prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus cases in Indonesia shows a rising trend. Based on Riskesdas 2018, the prevalence of DM according to the PERKENI consensus in the population >15 years old increases every year from 6.9% in 2011, 8.5% in 2015 and to 10.9% in 2018. As many as 75% of patients receive therapy OAD, 5% insulin injection, 11% OAD and insulin, and 9% untreated. According to several study reports, patient compliance in using diabetes medication is around 50%. One of the causes of patient non-compliance is the side effects of insulin therapy or OAD. This research is aimed at analyzing the provision of education with animated videos on type 2 DM patients' knowledge regarding medication use, side effects and their management. The results of the study showed that from a total sample of 40 patients, animated videos could increase patient knowledge significantly with the average value of patient knowledge before education being 38.4 ± 20.1 and after education being 85.9 ± 15.8 (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the percentage of patients who had good knowledge increased from 0% to 67.5% (p<0.05). Thus, it can be concluded that there is an increase in patient knowledge regarding the use of diabetes medications, side effects, and its management as well as related strategies for increasing compliance after education using animated video media.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wenny Putri Nilamsari, Budi Suprapti, Dewi Wara Shinta, Mareta Rindang Andarsari, Bambang Subakti Zulkarnain, Suharjono, Khusnul Fitri Hamidah, Meuthia Handayani, Hikma Urwatil Wusqo, Wanda Maharani Putri , Desi Jannati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of HPMC (Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose) on the Physical Stability of Peel-Off Gel Masks Containing Aloe Vera (Aloe vera) and Moringa Leaves (Moringa oleifera L.)
P Researchers prepared the peel-off gel mask formulation, which combines Aloe vera and moringa leaf extract (Moringa oleifera L.), in three different formulas with varying concentrations of HPMC. Stability testing was conducted using the freeze-thaw method for six cycles at temperatures of 4? and 40?. Physical stability parameters evaluated included organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and drying time. Organoleptic observations revealed color differences among the three formulas: Fm1 and Fm2 appeared dark green, while Fm3 exhibited a moss green color. No differences were observed before and after the freeze-thaw test in terms of color; however, consistency changed, becoming slightly more liquid from cycle 2 through cycle 6. Homogeneity testing showed phase separation in formulas Fm1 and Fm2 during the second cycle and in Fm3 during the fourth cycle. There were no significant differences in pH, spreadability, or drying time after undergoing the freeze-thaw stability test.
Copyright (c) 2025 Soraya Isvandaria Devie, Fitria Abbas Thalib, Silvi Ayu Wulansari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of a Combination of Bay Leaves and Cloves in Mouthwash Preparations in the Antibacterial Activity of Streptococcus mutans
Streptococcus mutans is a bacteria that can damage teeth. This study aims to determine the effect of the combination of bay leaf extract and clove oil in herbal mouthwash on Streptococcus mutans and to measure the inhibition zone of each formulation. Bay leaf extract was obtained through the maceration method, while the antibacterial test used the disc diffusion method. Formulation 1 contains 1% bay leaves and 5 ml of cloves; Formulation 2 has 2% bay leaves and 7.5 ml of cloves; Formulation 3 consists of 3% bay leaves and 10 ml of cloves. The positive control used Listerine, and the negative control used distilled water. The evaluation included organoleptic tests, pH, homogeneity, stability, and viscosity. The results of the organoleptic test showed a green liquid preparation with a spicy aroma and a sweet and bitter taste. All three formulations had a pH of 6.5, classified as homogeneous and stable. The viscosity test showed a range of 48.5-158.5 mPa.s. Antibacterial test showed inhibition zone in Formulation 1 of 9.33 mm, Formulation 2 of 15.49 mm, and Formulation 3 of 10.35 mm. The formulation has great potential as an alternative herbal mouthwash with strong ability to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cicik Wijayanti, Lyrra Mirna Amanda, Nabilah Rosdiana Maulana, Yuke Pramudita Sari , Khoirul Ngibad, Ali Abraham https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analysis Of Awareness, Perceptions, Experiences And Expectations Of The Community Towards The Role Of Pharmacy In Pharmacy X City Of Kediri
The role of pharmacists in Indonesia is still being questioned due to the lack of pharmacists in pharmaceutical services. Changes in the orientation of pharmaceutical services make the role of pharmacists very important which will give rise to various perceptions from the public. It is very important to assess community awareness, perceptions, experiences and expectations to measure the quality of pharmaceutical services provided by pharmacists. This research will identify and analyze awareness, perceptions of expectations and community experiences regarding the contribution of pharmacists in pharmaceutical services in pharmacies. Method: Using a purposive sampling technique, this non-experimental research involved 300 pharmacy visitors as participants to observe the phenomena that occurred. Data was collected by filling out a questionnaire, and then univariate descriptive analysis and scoring were carried out. After that, normality and categorization were carried out based on the median value. Results: This research shows that the majority of the public (87.33% or 262 of 300 respondents) have a good level of awareness regarding the role of pharmacists. Meanwhile, good perceptions were recorded by 64% of respondents (192 people), good experiences by 73.33% of respondents (220 people), and good expectations by 51.33% of respondents (154 people) regarding the role of pharmacists in pharmaceutical services at Pharmacy However, efforts to continue to improve the quality of pharmaceutical services are still needed to minimize the occurrence of medication errors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dyah Ayu Kusumaratni, Happy Kholwati Amalia, Eko Yudha Prasetyo, Yogi Bhakti Marhenta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Suspending Agent Variation from Xanthan Gum and CMC-Na Toward Effervescent Granule Suspension Evaluation from Mangrove Crab (Scylla serrata) Shell Chitosan
Mangrove crab, (Scylla serrata) in the shell contains chitosan which can be used for anti-hypercholesterolemia. Chitosan synthesis procedures include demineralization, deproteination, and deacetylation. The resulting chitosan is then evaluated. The results of chitosan evaluation include organoleptic (powder, white to pale yellow, and odorless), deacetylation degree test (77.89±0.81%), yield (69.92%), ninhydrin (purple), ash content (0.2±0.09%) and water content (4.6±3.05%). This study aims to formulate Effervescent Granule Suspension using xanthan gum (F1) and CMC-Na (F2) as variations of suspending agents. The evaluation results of effervescent granules before reconstitution include the angle of repose test F1=22.31±1.53 ° and F2=24.51±1.85°, flow rate test F1=21.12±2.62 g/sec and F2=23.27±0.89 g/sec. % fines test F1=6.95±9.03% and F2=6.86±2.11%. Water content test F1=4.3±2.10% and F2=9.2±1.03%. The evaluation results after reconstitution include the foam height test F1=5±1 cm and F2=4.6±1.15 cm; dispersion time test F1=2.03±0.15 minutes and F2=3.2±0.25 minutes; Viscosity F1=1.97±0.19 mPa.S and F2=1.94±0.14 mPa.S and pH test F1=5.82 and F2=8.31. The results were then analyzed statistically. The conclusion in this study is that there is an effect of different suspending agents on the evaluation of water content, dispersion time and pH. The best Effervescent Granule Suspension Formulation is F1 with Xanthan gum suspending agent
Copyright (c) 2025 Reza Cantika Hidayat, Hilya Nur Imtihani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Identification of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity Test of Ethanol and Chloroform Extracts of Olive Leaves(Olea europaea)
The objective of this study is to identify the classes of bioactive compounds present in the ethanol and chloroform extracts of olive leaves (Olea europaea), to determine the specific bioactive compounds found in the chloroform and ethanol extracts of olive leaves, and to measure the IC50 values of the ethanol and chloroform extracts of olive leaves. Olive leaves was extracted with ethanol and chloroform solvents using the maceration method. Secondary metabolite groups was studied using a phytochemical screening test. The content of bioactive compounds in ethanol and chloroform extracts of olive leaves was tested using a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) test. An antioxidant activity test was performed using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method with silymarin as a comparator. The results obtained showed that the ethanol extract of olive leaves contained secondary metabolites of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, and saponins with bioactive compounds detected in the GC-MS test, namely benzoic acid, neophytadiene, and pyrrolidine. The chloroform extract of olive leaves is capable of binding to groups of compounds such as alkaloids, terpenoids, and steroids, with neophytadiene identified as an active compound. The results of antioxidant activity tests showed that the IC50 values of the ethanol extract, chloroform extract, and silymarin were 41.9 ppm (very strong), 119.7 ppm (moderate), and 25.9 ppm (very strong), respectively. The ethanol extract demonstrated the highest effectiveness in binding compounds and groups of secondary metabolites, and exhibited very strong antioxidant activity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Junairiah Junairiah, Fakhriyah Dini Aqila, Edy Setiti Wida Utami, Yulia Tri Nurindah Wanti, Risanda Ulinnuha, Nabilah Istighfari Zuraidassanaaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Physicochemical Characteristics and Antibacterial Activity Against Propionibacterium acnes of Anti-Acne Gel from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) and Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) Fruit Peel Extracts
The highest prevalence of acne vulgaris in women is around 83-85% at the age of 14-17 years, while in men it is around 95-100% at the age of 16-19 years. Factors that can cause acne include immune conditions that can affect normal skin flora, the hyperproliferation of the pilosebaceous unit, excessive sebum production, activity of inflammation, and Propionibacterium acnes. Mangosteen fruit containing ?-mangosteen has a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 1,2500mg/mL, while durian fruit has an inhibitory power of around 5-10mm and a colony count of between 50-67 colonies against Propionibacterium acnes. The synergistic effect of mangosteen and durian fruit peel extracts containing flavonoids will be formulated into a gel. The gel preparation has the advantage of being able to dry and form a shiny film layer on the skin, is non- greasy, and can provide a cooling sensation. In Formula 16, physical and chemical characteristics were evaluated, namelorganoleptic evaluation, viscosity, flow properties, spread ability, homogeneity, pH, and antibacterial activity. F10-F15 met the organoleptic specifications, F0-F15 had pseudoplastic flow properties and met the homogeneity and pH specifications. F12, F13, and F15 had inhibition zones of 2mm, and all formulas did not meet the viscosity evaluation. F0, F1, F2, F6, and F7 met the spread ability specifications. Differences in concentration can affect each physical and chemical characteristic evaluation performed, and the total combination of mangosteen and durian fruit peel extract is greater than or equal to 2% to be able to see the inhibition zones provided..
Copyright (c) 2025 Arfansya Arifien, Marisca Evalina Gondokesumo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Relationship Between Level Knowledge And Duration Of Diabetes Mellitus Type II And The Incidence Of Diabetic Ulcers At The Sahabat Sehat Clinic
Hyperglycemia caused by decreased insulin production or the ability to secrete it is a sign of DM. The disease diabetes mellitus is not communicable (NCDs) that causes the most deaths. Complications of diabetic ulcers can occur due to poor treatment and high blood sugar levels. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between the level of knowledge about diabetes mellitus (DM) and the number of diabetic ulcers at the Sahabat Sehat Clinic, Karanggeneng District. A total of 95 type 2 diabetes patients experienced diabetic ulcers, and this study used a descriptive method with a cross-sectional approach. Using the chi-square statistical test, the data were evaluated. The results showed that the level of knowledge was 0.017 and the duration of diabetes mellitus sufferers was 0.000. The degree of knowledge has a positive correlation with The length of diabetes and the degree of knowledge mellitus sufferers with the incidence of diabetic ulcers at the Sahabat Sehat clinic. Thus, the level of knowledge can reduce the risk of complications of diabetes mellitus, while patients with diabetes mellitus who do not have enough knowledge have a higher risk.
Copyright (c) 2025 Filza Eka Nur Sholeh, Primanitha Ria Utami, Sri Bintang Sahara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Storage Time and Temperature of Vitamin C on Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry Method
Background: Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a fruit rich in water and vitamins. One of the ingredients of watermelon is vitamin C which is a water-soluble vitamin that acts as an antioxidant that is able to fight free radicals in the body. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of shelf life and temperature of vitamin C in watermelon using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. Methods: The study was conducted using qualitative and quantitative analysis methods with UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 262 nm. The vitamin C stability test was carried out by analyzing standard solutions of 2 ppm, 4 ppm, 6 ppm, 8 ppm, and 10 ppm at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes at room temperature and refrigerator temperature. Results: Based on the results of qualitative analysis, the positive sample contained vitamin C and there was a decrease in the absorbance value of vitamin C at room temperature. Conclusion: Vitamin C is unstable at storage time and temperature so the raw solution is made fresh when.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asih imulda Hari Purwani, Rachma Nurhayati, Rosa Juwita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Validation Of Linerity Test Method For Determination Antioxidant Activity of Ascorbic Acid By DPPH Method Using Ethanol Solvent
Method’s validatio is very important in research, including in the antioxidant activity test. Based on USP XXXVII 2014, antioxidant activity test is included in category III research where analytical methods are used to ensure the performance and quality of finished product. Precision is a must in this cathegory and other parameters may be needed. This research aims to test the validation of the linearity of the antioxidant activity method of ascorbic acid using DPPH with ethanol as the antioxidant testing solvent. This study used ascorbic acid samples with 96% p.a. ethanol solvent. The test was conducted by taking 10 mg of ascorbic acid with concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ppm and repeating it 3 times. The data obtained concluded that the absorbance results from replicates 1, 2, and 3 were not significantly different. As the concentration increased, the resulting absorbance decreased. The percentage decrease results from this research can be considered valid because the obtained r values are close to 1, namely replication 1 = 0.9932, replication 2 = 0.9946, replication 3 = 0.9910.
Copyright (c) 2025 Galuh Gondo Kusumo, Sri Safitri, Mercyska Suryandari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Relationship between Medication Possession Ratio Method and Medication Adherence of Hypertension Patients at Sugio Health Center
Adherence to antihypertension drug consumption drugs is one of the determining factors in controlling blood pressure. Good adherence to therapy can gradually influence blood pressure and prevent complications. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the MPR (Medication Possession Rasio) method and medication adherence in hypertension patients. The current research used descriptive method whit a cross sectional approach. The data were collected prospectively with purposive sampling. The results of the study obtained 154 samples of hypertension patients with or without comorbidities aged ?17 years. The results obtained 134 patients (87.0%) in the adherent category, and 20 patients (13.0%) who were not adherent to redeeming prescription. The results indicated that 147 patients (95.5%) had moderate adherence, 4 patients (2.6%) had high adherence, and 3 patients (1.9%) were in the low adherence category. The results of the test of the relationship between the MPR method and adherence to taking medication can be concluded that the p value = 0.017, so there is a significant relationship between the MPR method and adherence to taking medication with the ARMS (Adherence of Reffil Medication Scale) questionnaire. Even though there is a relationship, the level of relationship is very low because at the level of medication compliance, the majority of hypertension patients are in the moderate compliance category due to the age of the patient who experiences difficulties when filling out the questionnaire and the high risk of manipulation by the patient by choosing good answers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahrotul wardah Zahrotul wardah, Irma Susanti Irma Susanti, Riana Prastiwi Handayani Riana Prastiwi Handayani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Profile of Hypertension Patient Characteristics Based on Measurements Using the Hypertension Knowledge Level Scale (HKLS) Questionnaire
Hypertension is an abnormal blood pressure that can be measured in at least three different situations. Generally, if blood pressure is more than 140/90 mmHg, then a person is considered to have high blood pressure. Patient characteristics greatly influence the knowledge of hypertensive patients. Knowledge about hypertension influences the patient's own blood pressure control. This study aims to determine the level of patient knowledge about hypertension in controlling blood pressure at one of the Community Health Centers in Lamongan district. This research uses a prospective research method with a nonprobability sampling technique using Accidental Sampling. Prospective data was obtained from the results of the validated Indonesian version of the HKLS questionnaire, distributed to patients starting January-February 2024 with a total of 50 patients. The research results were analyzed descriptively, and that the number of patients with a high level of knowledge was 28 patients (56%) and 22 with low knowledge. patients (44%). The number of patients whose blood pressure was controlled was 28 (56%) and the number of patients whose blood pressure was not controlled was 22 (44%). Based on the results of research by classifying HKLS questionnaire statements, it was found that the majority of patients had a poor level of knowledge regarding lifestyle and its complications. The conclusion of this study is that the profile of patient characteristics regarding hypertension knowledge using the HKLS questionnaire in blood pressure control.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ninik Mas Ulfa, Latifah Agnes Susanti, Tri Doso Sapto Agus Priyono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
In Silico Study: Prediction of bioavailabity, toxicity, and activity clitoria ternatea as an antidandruff
Dandruff is a disease caused by the fungus candida albicans. Dandruff, characterized by excessive scalp scaling, is grayish-white scattered on the hair, sometimes accompanied by itching. Dandruff affects about 50% of the world's population, with Indonesia ranking fourth in the prevalence of dandruff cases. Indonesia has a tropical climate that causes moisture, making it easier for the growth of Candida albicans fungus. One compound that can be utilized as an antifungal is telang flower. In this study, In silico method with molecular docking has been conducted. This study aims to explore the potential of bay flower kombucha as an anti-dandruff agent. The resulting compounds were further analyzed using in silico methods to predict bioavailability, toxicity, and antiketombe activity. The results of this study referring to the Journal of Functional Food the results of phytochemical screening of telang flowers by HPLC method showed that telang flowers contain active compounds such as gallic acid, kaempferol, delphinidin, epicatechin, myricetin, and quercetin which have high bioactivity potential. Bioavailability prediction revealed the result that delphinidin is the most favorable compound. Toxicity tests showed that most compounds had no significant toxic effects. Activity tests showed that some compounds had stronger binding to Candida albicans receptors compared to the drug ketoconazole. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of bay flowers as a source of effective and safe anti-dandruff compounds.
Copyright (c) 2025 Laili, Putri, Nadya, Alviola, Nabila, Safira https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Evaluation of Drug Related Problems (DRPs) in Hypertensive Patients at Muhammadiyah Lamongan Hospital
Hypertensive patients often get more than one type of drug therapy to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the use of too many drugs has the potential to increase the incidence of Drug Related Problems (DRPs). The incidence of DRPs resulted in an increase in health care costs and hospitalizations, length of hospital stay, decreased quality of life, and increased mortality rates. This study aims to discover the Drug Related Problems (DRPs) that occur in hypertension patients at Muhammadiyah Lamongan Hospital. Determination of DRPs based on the classification of Drug Related Problems (DRPs) according to PCNE V9.1 of 2020. This study is a descriptive observational research with retrospective data collection using purposive sampling. The instrument used was an observation sheet. The sample in this study was hypertension patients at Muhammadiyah Lamongan Hospital in August-October 2023 who met the inclusion criteria, namely prescriptions and medical record data of outpatients with a diagnosis of hypertension at Muhammadiyah Lamongan Hospital in August-October 2023, outpatients aged ?18 years and hypertensive patients with or without comorbidities with a total of 132 patients. The results showed that of the 19 categories of DRPs studied, 6 categories of DRPs were found to occur, namely adverse drug events (probably) occurred in as many as 132 events (45.67%), inappropriate drug combinations occurred as many as 124 events (42.91%), treatment was not given or incomplete even though there were indications for 18 events (6.23%), no indications for drugs 9 events (3.11%), The duration of treatment was too short for 5 events (1.73%), and the duration of treatment was too long for 1 event (0.35%). From the results of the study, it was concluded that the treatment obtained by hypertensive patients can cause various types of DRP events. This requires special attention so as not to increase the risk of medication errors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Novi Ayu Samodyaning Tyas, Irma Susanti, Riana Prastiwi Handayani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Manalagi Apple Peel Kombucha Coating Method As A Natural Preservatif on Beef
Beef is one of the main commodities in the food industry. Beef must undergo a preservation process so that the beef is protected from contamination by microorganisms to maintain their quality. Manalagi apple peel kombucha contains organic acids and phytochemical substances that can inhibit antimicrobial activity. The research used an experimental method with three formulations which were differentiated based on the concentration of apple peel in kombucha namlely FKA, FKB and FKC. Fresh beef samples were coated with each kombucha formulation and incubated for 6 hours and then tested for preference by 30 panelists and compared with the control. The results of the hedonic test showed that the panelists preferred beef that had been coated with FKA kombucha because it had a color that was not much different from the color of fresh beef. Meanwhile, the panelists preferred the odor of beef that had been coated with FKC kombucha because it had a fresher odor and was not smelly when compared to the control. Likewise, panelists preferred the texture of beef that had been coated with FKB and FKC kombucha because it felt the softest and most tender when compared to the control.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kinanti Lestari, Lita Zakaria, Vania Rifda Violeta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Drug Utilization Study of Antiplatelet in Thrombotic Stroke Patients
Stroke is the mayor cause of death and disability in Indonesia, with the thrombotic stroke being is the leading cause. Thrombotic stroke occurs due to the formation of a thrombus in the brain’s blood vessels, necessitating antiplatelet therapy to prevent recurrent stroke and other cardiovascular diseases. This study aim to identify pattern of antiplatelet therapy, adverse drug reaction, as well as drug-drug interaction related to antiplatelet. A total of 50 adult thrombotic stroke inpatient was observed in this observational-retrospective study. The most frequent antiplatelet used were acetosal (40%), clopidogrel (28%), followed by acetosal clopidogrel combination (28%), and acetosal-cilostazol combination (4%). In this study, 60% of ADR was identified, of which 16% was nausea and vomiting and 44% was dyspepsia. Five potential drug-drug interaction were identified, including acetosal-ACE inhibitor (6%), acetosal-NSAID (24%), Clopidogel-PPI (10%), and Clopidogrel-Statin (48%).
Copyright (c) 2025 samirah samirah, Rafifah , Rifdah Atikah Safitri, Abdulloh Machin, Suharjono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Hydroxyapatite From Kepah Shells (Polymesoda erosa) and Its In Vitro Sunscreen Activity
Sunscreen innovation from natural ingredients is needed, because there are many advantages obtained from the use of these natural ingredients, such as the absence of side effects, and easy to obtain. Kepah shells (Polymesoda erosa) are found in Cilacap, Central Java. Kepah shells containing calcium carbonate can be used in the manufacture of hydroxyapatite (HAP). Hydroxyapatite can be used as a sunscreen agent that can effectively absorb the ultraviolet light. Hydroxyapatite was isolated from kepah shells (Polymesoda erosa). The analysis of HAP is done using Fourier Trasform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopy to find out functional groups. The sun protection factor (SPF) value of HAP was determined using the spectrophotometric UV-Vis method. FTIR spectra of HAP showed the presence of a hydroxyl group at 3039-3749 cm-1, a phosphate group at 520-621 cm-1 and a carbonate group at 1489-2156 cm-1. HAP from kepah shells has sunscreen potential with minimal protection at a concentration of 200 ppm; and ultra protection at a concentration of 1000 ppm. The average SPF result of HAP 1000 ppm clam shells is 19.23 (ultra protection) and at a concentration of 200 ppm is 0.59 (minimum protection). HAP from kepah shells has the potential to be developed as a sunscreen ingredient. The development of sun protection products still requires further research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pri Iswati Utami, Wiranti Sri Rahayu, Karina Festia Ramadani, Astrit Mayang Sari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Development and Validation of Instrument to Measure Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Smoking in Students
Quit smoking is very important to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by smoking. The purpose of this study was to develop a new tool to measure the knowledge, attitude, and practice of smoking in students, their motivations, and opinions on smoking cessation by pharmacists. This study was conducted in two phases, instrument development and judgmental evidence. A panel of 3 experts (psychologist, pharmacist, student smoker) was used to validate the instrument through quantitative measures. Whereas 30 respondents were used to justify the reliability of the questionnaire. The instrument consists of 5 domains and 53 questions. The 5 domains are: 1) knowledge; 2) attitude; 3) practice; 4) motivation of quitting smoking; 5) opinion on the help of pharmacist to quit smoking. The developed tool showed high content validity of individual items (I-CVI range: 0.50 to 1.00) and high overall content validity (S-CVI/UA?=?0.96; S-CVI/Ave?=?0.98), the relevance of items was good (Kappa: 1), and clear (Clarity: 2.93). The tool was deemed reliable with Cronbach alpha for each domains of knowledge, attitude, practice, motivation, and opinion were 0.76; 0.76; 0.79; 0.83; and 0.79 respectively. It can be concluded that the instrument demonstrated high item-content.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zakky Cholisoh, Annisa Vita Nugraheni, Defana Rizki Irfanda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Relationship Of Polypharmacy With Glomerular Filtration Rate In Patients With Chronic Kidney Failure
Polypharmacy is generally used in hemodialysis patients with an average number of drugs given being 14 drugs. In addition to detecting and preventing the severity of renal function, hemodialysis can increase the glomerular filtration rate. This study aims to determine the relationship between polypharmacy and glomerular filtration rate in patients with chronic renal failure at RSUD Dr. Soegiri Lamongan. The research design uses design descriptive with method retrospective with data collection sheet instruments, the population in this study was 174 patients, the sample was selected using techniques purposive sampling By determining the inclusion criteria, 121 patients were obtained. Data analysis using tests Spearman Rho. The results of the number of drug use in chronic kidney failure patients showed that there were more major polypharmacy incidents of ?6 drugs, as many as 115 patients (95.04%). The glomerular filtration rate in patients is mostly in the range <15 ml/minute/1,73 m2 as many as 120 patients (99.17%). The results of data analysis show that there is no relationship between polypharmacy and glomerular filtration rate p 0.820. In theory, polypharmacy is related to a decrease in glomerular filtration rate, worsening the patient's condition, resulting in undesirable side effects and drug interactions. Polypharmacy with glomerular filtration rate will result in renal dysfunction and can further exacerbate multimorbidity, so that high levels of comorbidities and chronic inflammation can lead to worse clinical consequences.
Copyright (c) 2025 Erika Cindiana Pramudia Putri, Primanitha Ria Utami, Irma Susanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Antibiotic Utilization in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis
The frequent use of antibiotics poses a variety of problems and is a global threat to health, especially bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease and is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. By employing antibiotics judiciously, we can prevent the emergence of antibiotic resistance, resulting in reduced treatment costs, shorter hospital stays, finansial savings for healthcare institutions, and improved hospital services quality. This study aims to provide a quantitative and qualitative analysis of antibiotic use in patients with pulmonary TB. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study using medical records of inpatients diagnosed with pulmonary TB at Rumah Sakit Umum Haji Surabaya during 2019. Quantitave analysis employed the DDD/100 patient-days method, while qualitative analysis was conducted using the Gyssens algorithm. In total, 109 patients met the inclusion criteria. Antibiotic utilization patterns in pulmonary TB patients revealed the following: a combination of rifampicin and isoniazid was used in 31 patients (12.25%); a combination of rifampicin, isoniazid, and ethambutol was used in 17 patients (6.72%); ceftriaxone was administered to 82 patients (32.41%); and levofloxacin was prescribed for 51 patients (20.16%). The highest quantitative analysis using DDD/100 patient-days was observed for isoniazid at 45.04, followed by ceftriaxone at 44.83 and levofloxacin at 35.26. qualitative analysis, according to the Gyssens method, resulted in Category O for 102 patients (93.57%), Category IIa for 4 patients (3.67%), Category IVb for 1 patient (0.92%), and Category VI for 1 patient (0.92%). From the results obtained it could be concluded that the utilization of antibiotics in treating pulmonary TB patients adhered to recommended guidelines.
Copyright (c) 2025 samirah samirah, Yosefien Christania Donsu, Firstia Rif'atul Chumaidah, Nur Indah Sawitri, Nur Palestin Ayumuyas, Didik Hasmono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease on Transaminase Levels
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is caused by blood vessel blockage due to fat accumulation. Risk factors for CHD include age, gender, comorbidities, and BMI. An increase in high lipid levels in the body is an important factor in the pathophysiology of CHD. Additionally, elevated lipid levels can lead to fat accumulation in the liver, thereby increasing transaminase levels. Elevated transaminase levels can indicate heart disorders. This study aims to examine the influence of CHD risk factors on transaminase levels at Dr. Soegiri Hospital, Lamongan. This research uses cross-sectional design with descriptive analysis. Data were collected prospectively. The analysis conducted using Spearman's Rank Correlation Test. Out of 104 patients studied, 96 patients met the inclusion criteria. The analysis results showed P-value <0.05 for the risk factors of gender (P=0.00), age (P=0.00), and BMI (P=0.00) in relation to transaminase levels. These results indicate significant influence of the risk factors gender, age, and BMI on transaminase levels. In advanced age, organ function declines, affecting transaminase levels. Gender differences affect transaminase levels due to hormonal differences and liver enzyme activity, and in patients with high BMI, there is metabolic imbalance of fats, leading to fat accumulation in adipose tissues, which affects transaminase levels.
Copyright (c) 2025 Narda Eka Rohmah Safitri Safiti, Primanitha Ria Utami, Riana Prastiwi Handayani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Authentication of Turmeric Powder from Sudan I, QuinolineYellow and Methanyl Yellow by FTIR Method Combined With Chemometric
Turmeric is an essential commodity widely used in the food, drug, and cosmetic industries. The high demand for turmeric leads to many possibilities of adulterating turmeric powder with synthetic dyes. This study aims to develop an ATR-FTIR analysis method combined with chemometrics to authenticate turmeric powder adulterated with synthetic dyes such as sudan I, quinoline yellow, and methanyl yellow. Turmeric powder is placed above the diamond crystal in ATR. Spectrum scanning is performed at wavenumbers 4000-400 cm-1. The spectrum obtained is then analyzed by chemometrics, namely Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square (PLS). PCA score plot shows turmeric powder can be distinguished from 3 synthetic colors: sudan 1, quinoline yellow and methanyl yellow. The results of analysis with PLS provide good calibration with an R2 value of 0.863-0.934 and RMSE value of 6.149-13.791 at wavenumbers 1581.63-871.82 cm-1. The combination of FTIR with chemometrics can be used to authenticate turmeric powder from adulterants in the form of sudan I, quinoline yellow, and methanyl yellow
Copyright (c) 2025 wirantisri rahayu, Herliningsih, Asmiyenti Djaliasrin Djalil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Antimicrobial Activity of Ganoderma lucidum Ethanol Extracts using Bioautography Method against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtillis
This study was aimed to determine the antibacterial potency of ethanol extract of lingzhi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) using bioautographic TLC method against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtillis. Soxhletation method was chosen to extract the bioactive compound using the ethanol solvent. Following the extraction, the obtained extract was diluted to make a serial concentration which are 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% with five replication each. Bioautographic TLC used n-butanol: glacial acetic acid: water (4: 1: 5) as a developing solvent. After complete development, the TLC plate was dried and observed for the spots which are yellow spot with Retention factor (Rf) value of 0.3, blue spot with Rf 0.87, and brown spot with Rf 0.93. Based on the reference Rf value, this third detected spot is considered as triterpene compound. The spot was then tested for the inhibition zone. In the E. coli culture medium, the average value of the inhibition zone was 5.45 mm (weak category) for the concentration of 2%, 5.14 mm for the 4%, 5.48 mm for the 6%, 5.94 mm for the 8%, and 6.98 mm (medium category) for the 10%. Meanwhile in the Bacillus subtillis culture medium, a concentration of 2% yielded 5.9 mm, 4% yielded 6.34 mm, 6% yielded 6.68 mm, 8% yielded 7.88 mm, and 10% yielded 8.6 mm (medium category). In conclusion, the lingzhi mushroom ethanol extract has antibacterial activity against both Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtillis with concentration-dependent manner.
Copyright (c) 2021 Tri Puji Lestari Sudarwati, M.A. Hanny Ferry Fernanda
Comparison of Formalin Detection Test in Foods using Antilin Reagent and Formalin Rapid Test Kit (Labtest)
Formalin is often misused as a food preservative. This is clearly detrimental to society because even though it is used a little, in the long term it can be bad for health. A variety of formaldehyde residue test kit products are offered in the market to make it easier for government, academics and the public to detect the formaldehyde content in food and beverages qualitatively. For this reason, a formalin residue test kit product is needed which can test the presence of formaldehyde in food quickly & accurately. This study aims to compare the detection limits of formaldehyde residues in food using the Antilin reagent and the Labstest formalin Rapid Test Kit. The method used in this study was to test the limit of formaldehyde detection in standard solutions with variations in the concentration of 0.01; 0.1; 1; 100 and 1000 mg / L and on food samples previously immersed in a standard formalin solution with a certain concentration using Antilin reagent and Formalin Rapid Test Kit. The test results are said to be positive if there is a change in purple color both in the test solution detected by the Antillin reagent or the Formalin Rapid Test Kit. Based on the intensity of the color change in the test results, it can be concluded that the Antilin reagent can detect formalin in standard formalin solution with a concentration of 2 mg/L, lower than the formalin Rapid Test Kit which can detect at a concentration of 10 mg/L. Whereas in food samples, both the Antillin reagent and the Formalin Rapid Test Kit had the same formalin detection limit of 10 mg/L.
Copyright (c) 2021 Cicik Herlina Yulianti
Study of Tetracycline HCl Residue in Broiler Chicken Meat and Liver at Several Farms in Lamongan District Using Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry Method
Tetracycline HCl is one of the most commonly used antibiotics in animal feed additives to control disease caused by bacteria. The dosage of antibiotics added to animal feed is sometimes not in accordance with existing regulations, causing residues in the body to be left behind. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence and levels of tetracycline HCl antibiotic residues in the meat and liver of broiler chickens on farms in Lamongan City by using the spectrophotometric method by selecting the maximum wavelength which was carried out by making the absorbance relationship curve and the wavelength of the standard solution at a certain concentration. The results of tetracycline antibiotic residues in boiler chicken meat and liver on the first farm showed that the residual levels of tetracycline HCl were 3,969.10 ± 392.32 ppm and 14,247.74 ± 2,632.63 ppm, on the second farm showed residual levels of tetracycline HCl. 5,470.03 ± 512.76 ppm and 20,464.60 ± 5,985.63 ppm, respectively, and the third farm showed that the remaining levels of tetracycline HCl were 7,032.37 ± 971.99 ppm and 19,232.71 ± 6,404.63 ppm. The results showed that the residual content of tetracycline HCl in broiler meat and liver exceeds the maximum residual content of tetracycline class of antibiotics in meat and milk based on SNI 01-6366-2000 which limits the residue to not more than 0.1 ppm.
Copyright (c) 2021 M.A. Hanny Ferry Fernanda, Rosita Dwi Chrisnandari
Formulation and Evaluation of Hydrogel from Agarwood Leaf (Aquilaria malacensis Lamk.) Ethanol Extract with Carbopol 940 and HPMC K4M Combination
Hydrogel is a topical preparation by applying it to the skin. Agarwood leaf extract is proven to contain flavonoid compounds which play a role in helping the wound healing process. The combination of carbopol and HPMC intend to cover the deficiency of carbopol when used at high concentrations and to provide an acidic ph. Knowing the effect of the combination of carbopol 940 and HPMC K4M bases and the results of the stability evaluation of the optimal hydrogel formulation of agarwood leaf ethanol extract. The method used is experimental with true-experimental design. The sample used is gaharu leaves taken from Tanah Bumbu Regency. The data were then analyzed using the ANOVA statistical LSD and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The hydrogel formulation with a combination of carbopol 940 and HPMC K4M bases had an effect on the hydrogel formulation of gaharu leaf extract on organoleptic stability, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, dispersibility and adhesion. The formula that maintains the stability of the evaluation during 28 days of storage at room temperature is Formulation 2 (F2). The statistical test results of pH, viscosity, spreadability and adhesion <0.05, p-value <0.05 showed a significant difference in the five formulas, with concentration P1 (carbopol 940 0.75%), P2 (HPMC K4M 0.75%), for F1, F2 and F3 combinations of carbopol 940 and HPMC K4M respectively (0.25%: 0.5%), (0.375%: 0.375%) and (0.5%: 0.25 %).
Polymorphism COX-1 to Platelet Aggregation in Coronary Heart Disease Patients
The Genetic Polymorphism of COX-1 (Cyclooxygenase 1) is one of the factors causing variations in the response to platelet aggregation. These variations can cause Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) in patients with Coronary Heart Disease. This cross-sectional research was conducted at Sidoarjo General Hospital in East Java from November to December 20217. This observational research was used for checking the COX1 polymorphism with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and platelet aggregation with the Light Transmittance Aggregonetry (LTA) method for measuring platelet aggregation. Majority of patients involved in this research were 45-64 years (93.34%), men (53.33%), and overweight (80.00%). From 30 patients involved in this study, 13.33% showed homozygote (wild type) COX-1 polymorphisms and 86.67% showed heterozygote COX-1 polymorphisms. The majority patients with homozygot and heterozygot polymorphisms showed normo aggregation with 75.00% and 84.62%, subsequently. Statistical analysis with Mann Whitney showed that there is no relationship between COX-1 polymorphisms and platelet aggregation (p= 0.423). Further research should be conducted to explore other factors that contribute to platelet aggregation.
Copyright (c) 2021 Charliandri Saputra Wahab, J. Nugroho Eko Putranto, Ike Dhiah Rochmawati